Emission characteristics of air pollutants from incense and candle burning in indoor atmospheres
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Emission characteristics of air pollutants from incense and candle burning in indoor atmospheres A. Manoukian & E. Quivet & B. Temime-Roussel & M. Nicolas & F. Maupetit & H. Wortham
Received: 17 September 2012 / Accepted: 30 November 2012 / Published online: 4 January 2013 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012
Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particles emitted by incense sticks and candles combustion in an experimental room have been monitored on-line and continuously with a high time resolution using a state-of-the-art high sensitivity-proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (HSPTR-MS) and a condensation particle counter (CPC), respectively. The VOC concentration–time profiles, i.e., an increase up to a maximum concentration immediately after the burning period followed by a decrease which returns to the initial concentration levels, were strongly influenced by the ventilation and surface interactions. The obtained kinetic data set allows establishing a qualitative correlation between the elimination rate constants of VOCs and their physicochemical properties such as vapor pressure and molecular weight. The emission of particles increased dramatically during the combustion, up to 9.1(±0.2)×104 and 22.0(±0.2)×104 part cm−3 for incenses and candles, respectively. The performed kinetic measurements highlight the temporal evolution of the exposure level and reveal the importance of ventilation and deposition to remove the particles in a few hours in indoor environments. Keywords Incense . Candle . Volatile organic compounds . Aerosol . HS-PTR-MS . Indoor air quality Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11356-012-1394-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Manoukian : E. Quivet (*) : B. Temime-Roussel : H. Wortham Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LCE, FRE 3416, 13331 Marseille Cedex 03, France e-mail: [email protected] M. Nicolas : F. Maupetit Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB), 24, rue Joseph Fourier, 38400 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
Introduction Because of the life style induced by modern society, people tend to spend most of their time in various kinds of indoor environments such as home, workplace or microenvironments (transport for example) (Klepeis et al. 2001). Many studies (OQAI 2006) show that air in closed environments is frequently more contaminated than outdoors air. Contaminants include a wide range of organic and inorganic substances in the gaseous and particulate phases (Lewis and Gordon 1996). Both acute and chronic exposures to these pollutants could induce adverse health effects such as damage to the nervous system, immune and reproductive diseases, respiratory system dysfunction, developmental problems and cancers (WHO 2005). A fraction of the indoor pollution can result from the penetration of outdoor pollutants, but most of the indoor environments contain their own sources of pollution (WHO 2005). These sources
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