Empirical Evaluation of a 3D Virtual Simulator of Hysteroscopy Using Leap Motion for Gestural Interfacing
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EDUCATION & TRAINING
Empirical Evaluation of a 3D Virtual Simulator of Hysteroscopy Using Leap Motion for Gestural Interfacing ´ ˆ Sanmari Costa Ferreira1,7 · Rafael Oliveira Chaves1,2 · Marcos Cesar da Rocha Seruffo2,6 · Antonio Pereira3 · 1 3 4 ˆ Anderson Phelipe Dias Sabry Azar · Angela Vilhena Dias · Alex de Assis Santos dos Santos · Marcus Vinicius Henriques Brito1,5,8 Received: 2 June 2020 / Accepted: 18 September 2020 / Published online: 12 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Surgical training using 3D virtual reality simulators has become an important routine in medical education. Recent research points to Leap Motion as an exciting interface for the control of virtual surgical instruments due to its simplicity and lowcost characteristics. However, previous studies using Leap Motion only evaluated movements of the whole hand, without considering individual finger movements during the manipulation of surgical instruments. This work investigates the use of Leap Motion as an interface for the capture of basic hand and finger movements during a simulated hysteroscopy using a 3D-printed hysteroscope model. We created a virtual simulated uterine environment containing a hysteroscope controlled by movements of the hand and fingers of a user actuating on a 3D-printed model hysteroscope. The model hysteroscope was positioned in a pivot basis allowing the capture of the following basic movements: leftward/rightward, upward/downward, forward/backward, and extrusion/retraction of the virtual resection loop (which rests on the end of the virtual virtual resectoscope). The findings indicate that the arc-shaped paths of the hysteroscope’s alpha plane (rightward/leftward) and beta plane (upward/downward) movements are satisfactorily simulated by the virtual reality system. Using Intraclass Correlation, was noted that the similarity between the calculated (ideal standard) and measured arcs was highly significant on both planes (r = 0.9599 on the alpha plane, and r = 0.9208 on the beta plane). Also, the forward/backward trajectory is a straight line; the pinch gesture decreases its accuracy when increase its distance from the Interaction Box of Leap Motion. The results were satisfactorily since compared with previous works, which used Leap Motion for the capture of hands-free gesturing. Keywords Virtual simulator · Hysteroscopy · Education · Training · Gestural interface
Introduction Hysteroscopy is a clinical procedure, with either a diagnostic or surgical goal, performed inside the vagina and the uterine cervix using an instrument called hysteroscope [6]. Hysteroscopy can be used for the following procedures, among others: abnormal uterine bleeding, diagnosis and follow-up of endometrial hyperplasia, diagnosis and staging of both endometrial and endocervix carcinoma, and resection of endometrial polyps and fibroids [10, 15]. This article is part of the Topical Collection on Education & Training Sanmari Costa Ferreira
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