Empirical formula for beta-particle-induced bremsstrahlung yields
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Empirical formula for beta-particle-induced bremsstrahlung yields H C MANJUNATHA Department of Physics, Government College for Women, Kolar 563 101, India E-mail: [email protected] MS received 14 December 2019; revised 8 June 2020; accepted 1 July 2020 Abstract. We have measured the β-particle-induced bremsstrahlung energy yield and photon yield in the energy range 0.1668–2.274 MeV using beta sources such as 35 S (0.1668), 99 Tc (0.293), 147 Pm (0.225), 90 Sr (0.5462), 204 Tl (0.76), 91 Y (1.5), 32 P (1.71) and 90 Y (2.274 MeV) in thick targets of atomic number range 13 < Z < 83. We have used a NaI(Tl) detector to measure the bremsstrahlung radiations. Based on the experimental results, we have constructed a semiempirical formula for β-particle-induced bremsstrahlung energy yield and photon yield. This formula produces bremsstrahlung energy yield and photon yield in the energy range 0.1668 MeV < E max < 2.274 MeV for thick targets within the atomic number range 13 < Z < 83. The values produced by the present formula are compared with the experiments. Keywords. Bremsstrahlung; X-ray; bremsstrahlung yield. PACS Nos 34.80.−i; 78.70.−g; 33.20
1. Introduction Bremsstrahlung is a continuous electromagnetic radiation emitted when an electron or a β-particle is deflected in the Coulomb field of the nucleus. Literature survey shows that studies were done earlier on the bremsstrahlung cross-sections using relativistic and Born approximations methods [1]. Manjunatha and Rudraswamy [2] proposed a numerical method to evaluate bremsstrahlung cross-section in compounds such as NaI, SiLi and GeLi using tabulated data given for elements. Haug [3] calculated bremsstrahlung crosssection with screening and Coulomb corrections at high energies using cross-sections of Somerfield–Maue functions with additional higher-order terms. Tessier and Kawrakow [4] reported numerical calculation of the electron–electron bremsstrahlung cross-section in the field of atomic electrons. Omar et al [5] evaluated bremsstrahlung cross-sections using Monte Carlo method and compared that with cross-sections obtained using different theories available in the literature. Manjunatha and Rudraswamy [6] estimated the theoretical data of bremsstrahlung radiation cross-section of the bone. Poškus [7] proposed a program for calculating spectra and angular distributions of bremsstrahlung at
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electron energies less than 3 MeV for exact screened calculations of atomic-field bremsstrahlung. Singh et al [8] measured the bremsstrahlung spectrum generated in thick targets of oxides of lanthanides by 89 Sr β-particles in the photon energy region 1–100 keV. Sandrock et al [9] calculated radiative corrections to the average bremsstrahlung energy loss of highenergy muons using a modified Weizsäcker–Williams method. Singh [10] measured angular distributions of bremsstrahlung photons produced by 10–25 keV electrons incident on thick Ti and Cu targets using a Si-PIN photodiode detector. Jung [11] studied the electron-ex
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