Enamel surface alterations after repeated conditioning with HCl
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HEAD & FACE MEDICINE
RESEARCH
Open Access
Enamel surface alterations after repeated conditioning with HCl W H Arnold1*, B. Haddad2, K. Schaper3, K. Hagemann4, C. Lippold5 and Gh. Danesh2
Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of etching time with 15 % hydrochloric acid (HCl) on the enamel surface destruction by studying the resulting roughness and erosion depth. Methods: The vestibular surfaces of 12 extracted, caries free human incisors were divided into four quadrants, and each quadrant was etched with 15 % HCl for different numbers of etching cycles (1×2, 2×2, 3×2 and 4×2 min). Surface roughness and erosion depth were measured quantitatively with optical profilometry, and the surface morphology was imaged with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: After two minutes of 15 % HCl application a median enamel substance loss of 34.02 μm was observed. Lengthening of etching time (2×2, 3×2 and 4×2 min) resulted in significantly increase in erosion depth to each additionally, between 13.28 -15.16 μm (p < 0.05) ending up in a total median enamel surface loss of 77 μm. Regarding surface roughness no significant (p > 0.05) difference was found between unetched enamel and the etched enamel surfaces. Conclusion: Repeated 15 % HCl conditioning of the enamel surface increases the depth of the etched surface erosion. However, the total erosion depth is rather shallow and therefore negligible.
Background A common problem in orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance is the development of white spot lesions [1]. Orthodontic treatment with brackets creates retention sites for plaque, which subsequently promotes the development of white spot lesions [2]. Subsurface demineralization increases the pore volume of enamel, which changes the optical refraction of enamel and results in the white, opaque color of white spot lesions [3, 4]. Various white spot lesion treatment strategies exist. The first is preventive oral hygiene education and motivation of the patient, followed by fluoridation of the enamel surface [4]. Invasive treatment is the last option in the treatment of white spot lesions. During the past decade, a micro-invasive infiltration technique for white spot lesions using Icon® (DMG, Hamburg, Germany) has been developed, which uses a complete resin infiltration of initial carious lesions and hinders further caries progression [5]. Application of this micro-invasive infiltration technique is recommended for * Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Department of Biological and Material Sciences in Dentistry, Faculty of Health, School of Dentistry, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
non-cavitated lesions up to ICIDAS III [6]. It masks white spot lesions and closes lesion pores, thus arresting further demineralization [7, 8]. A major challenge for resin infiltration is the need to remove the hypermineralized surface layer of the lesion during enamel etching [9–11]. Surface conditioning is necessa
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