Endophytes of Forest Trees Biology and Applications
Endophytes are commonly known as microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, which live inside plant tissues without inducing symptoms. Since the first volume, endophytes have increasingly been shown crucial in the life-style of their hosts. Consideri
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Anna Maria Pirttilä · A. Carolin Frank Editors
Endophytes of Forest Trees Biology and Applications Second Edition
Forestry Sciences Volume 86
Series editors S. Mohan Jain Hely Häggman
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/5991
Anna Maria Pirttilä A. Carolin Frank •
Editors
Endophytes of Forest Trees Biology and Applications Second Edition
123
Editors Anna Maria Pirttilä Ecology and Genetics University of Oulu Oulu Finland
A. Carolin Frank School of Natural Sciences University of California, Merced Merced, CA USA
ISSN 0924-5480 ISSN 1875-1334 (electronic) Forestry Sciences ISBN 978-3-319-89832-2 ISBN 978-3-319-89833-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89833-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940624 1st edition: © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 2nd edition: © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Endophytes are commonly known as microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, which live inside plant tissues without inducing symptoms. While compiling this book, it became obvious that even though the endophyte definition has been defined, re-defined, and explained many times in the past, the use of the term endophyte still varies considerably among researchers. Some include pathogens in the definition, however, if we consider all pathogens colonizing plant tissue asymptomatically at the onset of infection as endophytes, do we need the definition of endophyte anymore? Should we just discuss plant-associated microbes? But what would we then call the high numbers of microbes that occupy the interior of
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