Endophytic Microbiome in the Carposphere and Its Importance in Fruit Physiology and Pathology
Each plant has a microbiome that is consisted of epiphytic and endophytic microbial communities. The plant microbiome may play a prominent role in different functions such as growth, disease, suppressing pathogens and potential influence of the physiology
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Endophytic Microbiome in the Carposphere and Its Importance in Fruit Physiology and Pathology Ajay Kumar, Yeka Zhimo, Antonio Biasi, Shoshana Salim, Oleg Feygenberg, Michael Wisniewski, and Samir Droby
Abstract Each plant has a microbiome that is consisted of epiphytic and endophytic microbial communities. The plant microbiome may play a prominent role in different functions such as growth, disease, suppressing pathogens and potential influence of the physiology of reproductive plant organs (e.g., fruit). Endophytic microbiomes of any plant organs have mutualistic interaction between each other and functionally interact with each other in multiple ways. The distribution pattern of endophytic microbiota varies with each plant’s organs and largely depends on plant genotype (i.e., cultivar) developmental stages, growth condition, biotic and abiotic factors. The distribution pattern, as well as the potential utilization of endophytic microbiota that are associated with internal tissues for managing pre and postharvest pathogens, is discussed in this chapter. Keywords Biotic stress · Biocontrol agents · Carpophore · Endophytes · Endophytic diversity
A. Kumar · Y. Zhimo · A. Biasi · S. Salim · O. Feygenberg · S. Droby (*) Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel e-mail: [email protected] M. Wisniewski Appalachian Fruit Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, WV, USA © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 D. Spadaro et al. (eds.), Postharvest Pathology, Plant Pathology in the 21st Century 11, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56530-5_5
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Introduction The carposphere of agricultural crops harbors diverse microbial communities as epiphytes or endophytes that play an integral role in the biology, physiology and resistance of fruits and vegetables to pre and postharvest decay (Droby and Wisniewski 2018). The composition and function of both epiphytic and endophytic microbial populations in the carposphere, however, is still unexplored in relation of their involvement in fruit physiology, quality, and management of pathogen attack. Extensive research work has been published regarding the use of epiphytic yeasts and bacteria as biocontrol agents of postharvest diseases (Droby et al. 2019), but a very limited number of reports is available on microbial endophytes of fruit and their potential functions and utilization in a beneficial manner against biotic and abiotic stressors. The term “endophyte” was used first for the fungi that were isolated from the internal cells/tissues of host plants, but later the concept had been changed, and bacterial communities were also considered as endophytes (Chanway 1996; Hardoim et al. 2015). De Bary (1866) was the first to define microorganisms growing inside plant tissues as endophytes. Later on, the definition, as well as types of endophytes, were modified as per researcher observations. Hallmann et al. (1997) defined endophyte as the microbes that can be is
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