Energy-efficient forwarding strategies for wireless sensor networks in fading channels
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Energy-efficient forwarding strategies for wireless sensor networks in fading channels R. Milocco1
· P. Muhlethaler2 · S. Boumerdassi3
Received: 23 October 2019 / Accepted: 28 September 2020 © Institut Mines-T´el´ecom and Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract In the context of geographic routing in wireless sensor networks linked by fading communication channels, energy-efficient transmission is important to extend the network lifetime. To this end, we propose a novel method to minimize the energy consumed by one bit of information per meter and per second toward the destination in fading channels. Using the outage probability as a measure to maximize the amount of information delivered within a given time interval we decide energyefficient geographic routing between admissible nodes in a wireless sensor network. We present three different approaches, the first is optimal and is obtained by varying both transmission rate and power, the other two are sub-optimal since only one of them is tuned. Simulation examples comparing the energy costs for the different strategies illustrate the theoretical analysis in the cases of log-normal and Nakagami shadow fading. With the method proposed it is possible to obtain significant energy savings (up to ten times) with respect to fixed transmission rate and power. Keywords Wireless sensor networks · Outage probability · Shadow fading
1 Introduction Applications of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are numerous in both industry and everyday life. These networks are made up of low-cost sensor devices capable of collecting and transmitting different types of information autonomously. Geographic routing strategies used in wireless communication networks require that each transmitting node is aware of its location, the locations of its neighbors, R. Milocco
[email protected] P. Muhlethaler [email protected] S. Boumerdassi [email protected] 1
Grupo Control Autom´atico y Sistemas (GCAyS), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300 Neuqu´en, Argentina
2
Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, 2 Rue Simone IFF, 75012 Paris, Francia
3
Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, Centre d’Etude et De Recherche en Informatique et Communications (CNAM/CEDRIC), 292 rue Saint-Martin, 75003 Paris, France
and the destination. With this information, the message can be routed by choosing intermediate nodes, or relays, which allow the destination to be reached with the maximum possible transmitted information rate and with minimum delay. However, the main design goal of wireless sensor networks is not only to transmit data from a source to a destination but also to ensure the minimum energy consumption thereby maximizing the lifetime of the network. In many applications, sensors are deployed in hard-toreach areas and are not easy to replace. For a sensor, transmission is the most energy-intensive function. Thus, designing energy-efficient routing mechanisms is paramount. This can be achieved by employing energy-e
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