Energy for Sustainability Foundations for Technology, Planning, and
Despite a 2016-18 glut in fossil fuel markets and decade-low fuel prices, the global transformation to sustainable energy is happening. Our ongoing energy challenges and solutions are complex and multidimensional, involving science, technology, design, ec
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JOHN RANDOLPH and GILBERT M. MASTERS
Energy for Sustainability
Energy for Sustainability Foundations for Technology, Planning, and Policy Second Edition
John Randolph and Gilbert M. Masters
Washington | Covelo | London
Copyright © 2018 John Randolph and Gilbert M. Masters All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher: Island Press, 2000 M St., NW , Suite 650, Washington, DC 20036 Island Press is a trademark of The Center for Resource Economics. Keywords: Clean energy, climate change, community energy, distributed energy, energy conservation, energy policy, energy technologies, fossil fuels, global energy supply, green building, life-cycle analysis, photovoltaic systems, renewable energy, solar energy, sustainable energy, sustainability, transportation energy, whole building energy, whole community energy, wind energy, zero net energy (ZNE) building Library of Congress Control Number: 2017945163 All Island Press books are printed on environmentally responsible materials. Manufactured in the United States of America
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To our grandchildren, who inherit the world we leave them.
Contents Preface xix Acknowledgments xxv
SECTION I: ENERGY PATTERNS AND TRENDS 1 Chapter 1: The Energy Imperative and Patterns of Use 3 1.1 Our Energy Dilemma 4 1.2 Historical Perspective: Energy and Civilization 5 1.3 Global Energy Supply and Consumption 6 1.3.1 Explosive Growth of Energy as Developing World Begins to Catch Up 6 1.3.2 Continuing Dependency on Oil and Fossil Fuels 11 1.4 U.S. Energy Supply and Consumption 13 1.4.1 U.S. Energy Independence? Production Up, Consumption Flat, Imports Down 14 1.4.2 U.S. Energy Cleaner, More Efficient, More Independent Since 2007, but a Long Way to Go 18 1.5 Summary 21 1.5.1 Sustainable Energy: Improve Efficiency, Reduce Carbon, Replace Oil 22
Chapter 2: Energy Sources and Sustainability 25 2.1 Criteria for Sustainable Energy 26 2.2 Resource Limits of Fossil Fuels 27 2.2.1 Peak Oil Debate Revisited: Will the Peak Be Driven by Production or Consumption? 27 2.2.2 Natural Gas: Shale Gas Technology Extends Future Supplies but for How Long? 33 2.2.3 Coal More Plentiful but Constrained by Environmental Impacts 37 2.3 Environmental Limits of Fossil Fuels 37 2.3.1 Climate Change and Energy 37 2.3.2 Local and Regional Air Pollution 44 2.3.3 Fuel Extraction, Transport, and Other Impacts 45 2.4 Nuclear Power: Once Great Hope, Now in Decline 47 2.5 The Transition to Clean Energy Is Happening: Efficiency and Renewables 50 2.5.1 Energy Efficiency Is Making a Difference with More on the Way 50 2.5.2 Renewable Energy Growing Fast but Still Small Contribution 53 2.6 Summary 57
Chapter 3: Energy Futures 59 3.1 The Complexities of Our Changing Energy System 60 3.2 Planning and Visioning the Future 60 3.2.1 Projections and Forecasts 61 3.2.2 Technology Roadmaps 62 3.2.3 Needs Assessment and Solution Wedges
