Energy Management of Smart Homes with Microgrid
Over a third of the world’s primary energy is consumed by buildings, smart planning of energy supply to buildings is important to conserve energy and protect the environment. Most energy-consuming domestic tasks can be performed within a time period rathe
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Energy Management of Smart Homes with Microgrid Di Zhang, Songsong Liu and Lazaros G. Papageorgiou
Abstract Over a third of the world’s primary energy is consumed by buildings, smart planning of energy supply to buildings is important to conserve energy and protect the environment. Most energy-consuming domestic tasks can be performed within a time period rather than at specific times. Energy cost or emissions could be reduced if these flexible tasks can be scheduled co-ordinately among multiple homes. This chapter addresses the problem of energy management of smart homes with microgrid, where the operation of distributed energy resources (DERs) and electricity-consumption household appliances are scheduled. A review of relevant literature works for smart homes with microgrid is presented. Then an optimisation-based framework is proposed to describe the related energy management problems of smart homes with microgrid. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for three different objectives is developed: total cost minimisation, fair cost distribution, and cost versus CO2 emissions. The application of this model is illustrated through an illustrative example of a smart building. The modelling approach developed in this work and the results obtained suggest that optimisation-based energy management of smart homes with microgrid results in cost saving and CO2 emissions reduction. Moreover, the optimal operation schedules of the DERs, including thermal/electrical storage, are discussed.
17.1
Introduction
The current energy system is dominated by centralised generation, based on relatively few large plants using conventional fossil fuels and operating in central locations. Over 65 % of energy is lost along the electricity generation, transmission D. Zhang ⋅ S. Liu ⋅ L.G. Papageorgiou (✉) Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Process Systems Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK e-mail: [email protected] S. Liu School of Management, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Skewen, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 G.M. Kopanos et al. (eds.), Advances in Energy Systems Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-42803-1_17
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and distribution (Evangelisti et al. 2015), while in the UK 7 % of generation is lost in the transmission and distribution network (Basu et al. 2011). Microgrid equipped with intelligent elements from smart grid has been adopted to avoid these losses. Together with real-time pricing (RTP) scheme, it encourages and enables consumers to participate actively scheduling their home appliances to save energy, reduce cost and help environmental sustainability (Hu et al. 2010).
17.1.1 Microgrid and Smart Homes As an alternative to the current energy providing system, microgrid is emerging to provide energy locally by utilising distributed energy resources (DER). The DERs include energy generation system, energy storage, load management options and energy generation units which are commonly located near
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