Engineered Bone-Inspired Multicomponent Bionanocomposite Scaffolds with Tunable Hardness and Modulus
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Engineered Bone-Inspired Multicomponent Bionanocomposite Scaffolds with Tunable Hardness and Modulus Matthew Labriola1, †, Constance Slaboch2, Timothy C. Ovaert2, Tao Wang1, George Csaba1, Ilker S. Bayer3, Enkeleda Dervishi4, Alexandru S. Biris4, Anindya Ghosh5, Rajeev Gupta6 and Abhijit Biswas1,* 1 Center for Nano Science and Technology (NDnano), Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, U.S.A. 2 Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA. 3 Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Smart Materials Platform, Italian Institute of Technology, Lecce 73010, Italy. 4 Nanotechnology Center, Applied Science Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, AR 72204, U.S.A. 5 Department of Chemistry, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, AR 72204, USA. 6 Department of Physics, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun-248007, India. †
Nanotechnology Undergraduate Research Fellow (NURF) *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT We show a novel, bioengineered, moldable platform for bone regeneration composed of porous bionanocomposite scaffolds made of components that are normally found in bone tissue (calcium, collagen, carbonate, sodium, and phosphorous). To accommodate high- or low-stress environments, the hardness and modulus (stiffness) of these scaffolds can be tuned in a wide range in Megapascal (MPa) to Gigapascal (GPa) regions, while maintaining the required viscoelasticity. Our approach to control the mechanical properties is based on a new formulation of mineralized bioscaffolds by incorporation of calcium carbonate in which, calcium and phosphorous are in the form of calcite, calcium polyphosphate (CPP) and hydroxyapatite (HAP). The variation in the calcium carbonate concentration allows tuning of calcite/CPP contents in the bioscaffold to tailor the degree of mineralization and mechanical and viscoelastic properties that closely match those of natural bone. Our results demonstrate an ideal framework for new bone scaffold designs for advanced bone substitute applications. INTRODUCTION Bone is a specialized form of connective tissue that forms the skeleton of the body. It is built at the nano and micro levels as a multicomponent composite material consisting of a hard inorganic phase (minerals) in an elastic, dense organic network. The key bone constituents are hydroxyapatite (HAP), collagen protein fibers, phosphorous and calcium. While there have been advances in developing biomedical scaffolds for bone substitutes and tissue engineering [1-8], the rapid restoration of tissue biomechanical function remains an important challenge,
emphasizing the need to replicate structural and mechanical properties of natural bone using engineered, novel, bioscaffold designs. The mechanical properties of bone scaffolds are important since bone regeneration must be done in such a way that the scaffold’s properties closely mimic the surrounding tissue properties and can carry the required structural loads. Current bone scaffolds
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