Enhanced Lipid Recovery from Marine Chlorella Sp. by Ultrasonication with an Integrated Process Approach for Wet and Dry
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Enhanced Lipid Recovery from Marine Chlorella Sp. by Ultrasonication with an Integrated Process Approach for Wet and Dry Biomass Muhammad Amin 1 & Pakamas Chetpattananondh 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Lipid extraction from microalgal biomass faces some challenges such as the selection of a suitable biomass type and its quality, lipid yield (LY), and process energy consumption. This study aimed to develop optimized processing conditions using response surface methodology, for the ultrasonic extraction (UE) of lipids from wet and dried marine Chlorella sp. Integrated process approaches with different extraction and solvent recovery steps were developed for the evaluation of the lipid recovery and process energy consumption. The effects of other processing factors, such as the biomass-to-solvent ratio, solvent type, and solvent-to-solvent ratio were investigated. The biomass and lipids extracted were characterized by scanning electron microscopyenergy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis, respectively. With a single extraction and single-solvent recovery (1-1 cycle) process, the LYs from fresh and stored paste were 11.7% and 6%, respectively, while freeze-dried biomass produced an 18.5% LY. The energy consumption was 6000 MJ/kg lipid for the wet route and 8200 MJ/kg lipid for the dry route in the 1-1-cycle process. Dried biomass was selected for further investigation due to its longer storage-period capability and higher LY. The LY of the 2-1-cycle process using methanol/hexane (2/1 v/v) with a biomassto-solvent ratio of 1/20 g/mL was 31% and was considered as a base case scenario of this study, which is 40.3% and 9.7% greater than those of the 1-1 cycle and 2-2 cycle, respectively. The lipids obtained from the 2-1 cycle at the optimum condition were mainly saturated fatty acids which are suitable for a biodiesel feedstock. Keywords Chlorella sp. . Ultrasonic extraction . Energy consumption . Lipids . Biomass
Introduction Microalgae are considered to be a third-generation biofuel resource [1], as they contain a higher oil content in shorterperiod cultivation than other feedstocks and have no competition with agricultural food and feed production [2, 3]. The ideal biomass candidate is one which gives a high yield per unit area, incurs low production costs, causes less contamination, and consumes less nutrients. Algae produce the maximum biomass yield per unit area compared to terrestrial crops [2, 4, 5], due to rapid growth enabled by high photosynthetic efficiency [6]. Algal biomass could be cultivated in fresh,
* Pakamas Chetpattananondh [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90112, Thailand
saline, and waste water [7, 8] for bioenergy production under controlled condition [9, 10]. Chlorella sp. is single-celled strain of green algae with a diameter of 2–10 μm and an oil content of 28–32% [2, 11]. It conta
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