Enhanced sonophotocatalytic degradation of paracetamol in the presence of Fe-doped TiO 2 nanoparticles and H 2 O 2
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Enhanced sonophotocatalytic degradation of paracetamol in the presence of Fe‑doped TiO2 nanoparticles and H2O2 Hui Cheng Yap1 · Yean Ling Pang1 · Steven Lim1 · Chin Wei Lai2 · Ahmad Zuhairi Abdullah3 Received: 25 January 2019 / Accepted: 11 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The presence of pharmaceutical compounds, particularly, paracetamol in water is of significant environmental concern due to their undesirable effects on aquatic organisms and poor biodegradability. The present work investigated the efficient degradation of paracetamol in water using sonophotocatalytic process in the presence of iron (Fe)-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles. The effects of Fe doping into T iO2 and calcination temperatures were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was discovered that 3 wt% Fe dopants into TiO2 nanoparticles with suitable calcination temperature at 600 °C could improve the sonophotocatalytic activity remarkably toward the degradation of paracetamol. The degradation efficiency of 100% was achieved under optimal experimental conditions, namely 5 mg/L initial paracetamol, 1 g/L 3 wt% Fe-doped TiO2-600, solution pH of 5, 0.5 mM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after 30-min ultrasonic power of 296 W, ultrasonic frequency of 50 kHz and ultraviolet wavelength of 302 nm. These findings are crucial for designing Fe-doped T iO2 nanoparticles with high catalytic performance for the degradation of paracetamol and appeared as an alternative solution to treat pharmaceutical compounds effectively. Keywords Sonophotocatalytic · Fe-doped TiO2 · Calcination · Characterisations · Paracetamol · H2O2
Introduction In recent years, growing consideration has been given to water pollution due to the emission of toxic contaminants from domestic and industry into water sources. These contaminants can be found inside pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides and fertilisers (Ahmadzadeh and Dolatabadi 2018; Solís-Casados et al. 2017). The presence Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09194-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Yean Ling Pang [email protected] 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Lee Kong Chian Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute of Graduate Studies Building, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3
School of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
of pharmaceutical compounds such as paracetamol in water may cause metabolic and sex alteration to human and living organisms, even at low concentration (Jallouli et al. 2017; Lin et al. 2016). Paracetamol, also k
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