Enhanced uptake of Cd, Cr, and Cu in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don by Bacillus cereus : application of moss and compost

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ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN HEALTH

Enhanced uptake of Cd, Cr, and Cu in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don by Bacillus cereus: application of moss and compost to reduce metal availability Muhammad Umair Mushtaq 1 & Ameena Iqbal 1 & Ismat Nawaz 2 & Cyrus Raza Mirza 3 & Sohail Yousaf 1 & Ghazanfar Farooq 4 & Muhammad Arif Ali 5 & Aqib Hassan Ali Khan 1,6 & Mazhar Iqbal 1 Received: 20 October 2019 / Accepted: 13 April 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Heavy metals (HMs) being the notorious and toxic are being introduced into the environment credited to natural and anthropogenic activities. The use of ornamental plants is being ignored as potential candidates for HMs phytoremediation. In this study, pot experiments were conducted on Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don to evaluate selected heavy metals tolerance and accumulation potential with reference to the bacterial endophyte (Bacillus cereus) and organic amendments (moss and compost at 5% v/v). Results indicated improvement in uptake of Cd (230 mg kg−1), Cu (229 mg kg−1), and Cr (458 mg kg−1) by C. roseus with B. cereus. The concentration of Ni and Pb was found highest in controls (without strain) that were 420 and 904 mg kg−1, respectively. Conversely, the addition of organic amendments enhanced biomass production, as compared to controls, 441, 471, and 763% by peat moss (T3), compost (T4), and peat moss + compost + inoculum treatments (T6), respectively, while reduction of plant HMs content was observed. Microbial-aided phytoremediation/phytoextraction could be a potential method for removal of Cd, Cr, and Cu, while organic amendments can significantly improve plant growth in the presence of heavy metals. Keywords Phytoremediation . Organic amendments . Ornamental plants . Endophytes . Multi-metal contamination

Introduction Among contaminants, heavy metals, being non-biodegradable and indestructible with changing chemical forms, are among priority pollutants (Arshad et al. 2017; Khan et al. 2020). They

result in toxicity in living organisms, even at the very low concentrations, which leads to strict regulatory compliance (Iqbal et al. 2019; Khan et al. 2019a). For the removal of metals, i.e., from water and soil, different physical/chemical methods are in use, but often face high cost, energy

Muhammad Umair Mushtaq and Ameena Iqbal contributed equally to this work. Responsible Editor: Elena Maestri Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08839-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Aqib Hassan Ali Khan [email protected]

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Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

* Mazhar Iqbal [email protected]; [email protected]

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Department of Computer Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

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Department of Soil Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

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