Enhancement of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)-based proton exchange membranes doped with different ionic liquids ca
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Enhancement of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)-based proton exchange membranes doped with different ionic liquids cations Letícia Guerreiro da Trindade 1,2 & Letícia Zanchet 3 & Josiane Carneiro Souza 1 & Edson Roberto Leite 1 & Emilse Maria Agostini Martini 3 & Ernesto Chaves Pereira 1 Received: 27 April 2020 / Revised: 13 June 2020 / Accepted: 30 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Herein, to balance the overall performance of SPEEK membrane, the imidazolium hydrogen sulfate (Im.HSO4), 1methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (MI.HSO4), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (BMI.HSO4) ionic liquids (ILs) were used as dopants in polymer matrix. A series of SPEEK/ionic liquid composite membranes were successfully fabricated by casting method and evaluated. Comparative studies showed that the membranes doped with 5 wt.% of MI.HSO4 or BMI.HSO4 ILs showed an increase in the proton conductivity of 50% and 30% at 80 °C, respectively, compared with the pristine SPEEK membrane. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance demonstrated that the membrane doped with 5 wt.% of BMI.HSO4 IL (SBMI5) has the highest current density value and the highest power density without loss of performance as temperature increases. This result indicates that this membrane is promising for fuel cells application. Keywords Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) . Ionic liquid . Proton exchange membranes . Fuel cell
Introduction The potential demand for clean and renewable energy sources stands out fuel cell (FC) technology, which converts chemical energy directly into electrical energy and is also environmentally friendly [1, 2]. Among a large variety of existing FCs stands out the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) because it demonstrates high-power densities and good performance [3]. However, the polymeric electrolyte commonly used in these FC as membrane separator, Nafion® from Dupont, is expensive and has a performance drop at elevated temperatures [4–6]. A viable alternative for replacing Nafion® membranes is the use of sulfonated polymers. Since it is possible to control the degree of sulfonation of the
* Ernesto Chaves Pereira [email protected] 1
Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, P. O. Box 676, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
2
Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual Paulista–Unesp, P.O. Box 473, Bauru, SP 17033-360, Brazil
3
LRC-Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, P. O. Box 15003, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil
polymer, it is possible to maximize its proton conductivity and control its solubility in water [7, 8]. The sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membrane is an alternative to Nafion® matrix since it has been successfully prepared and extensively investigated as PEM [9–11]. However, SPEEK membranes’ features are managed by their sulfonation degree. For example, highly sulfonated samples are present high conductivity, but their mechanical properties degrade [9, 12
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