Enteromorpha compressa extract induces anticancer activity through apoptosis and autophagy in oral cancer
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Enteromorpha compressa extract induces anticancer activity through apoptosis and autophagy in oral cancer Biswajita Pradhan1 · Srimanta Patra2 · Chhandashree Behera1 · Rabindra Nayak1 · Shankargouda Patil3 · Sujit K. Bhutia2 · Mrutyunjay Jena1 Received: 28 July 2020 / Accepted: 16 November 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Marine algae are an auspicious source of innovative bioactive compounds containing possible therapeutic agents against mammalian cancers. However, the mechanism by which bioactive algal compounds exhibit anticancer activity against oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is scant. The main objective of the current study was to explore the properties of the Enteromorpha compressa solvent extracts that induced autophagy and apoptosis with reference to their potent phytochemical and antioxidant properties. The presence of bioactive compounds were confirmed by UV and FT-IR spectroscopy. The free radical scavenging activity were analyzed by evaluating H2O2, DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl activity. The anticancer activities of the extracts were investigated by employing clonogenic and scratch assay. The apoptosis potential was evaluated by DAPI and MMP by Rh123 fluorescence assay. Moreover, the CAT, SOD, GPX, APX, and GR activities were measured. The autophagy potential was evaluated by LC3 puncta formation, acridine orange in addition to LysoTracker staining. The present investigation revealed that the methanolic extract of E. compressa elicited robust free radical scavenging activity that discerns its antiproliferative potency. Moreover, the methanolic algal extract boosted intrinsic apoptosis against OSCC by downregulating protective antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, it also revealed induction of autophagy to promote cell death in oral cancer cells. The presence of novel bioactive compounds in E. compressa has uncovered possible therapeutic value against OSCC by modulating antioxidant defense system, apoptosis and autophagy that could be used to explore very competent algal candidates for the development of potential alternative anticancer drugs. Keywords Enteromorpha compressa · Antioxidant · Apoptosis · Autophagy · Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC)
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-06010-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mrutyunjay Jena [email protected] 1
Algal Biotechnology and Molecular Systematic Laboratory, Post Graduate Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Bhanja Bihar, Berhampur, Odisha 760007, India
2
Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India
3
Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Marine macroalgae (seaweed) are an exceptionally rich source of pharmacologically active metabolites and promising sources of alternative therapeutic
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