Entrepreneurship: Determinants and Policy in a European-US Comparison

Without a clear and organized view of where and how entrepreneurship manifests itself, policy makers have been left in uncharted waters without an analytical compass. The purpose of this book is to provide such an analytical compass for directing how publ

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Economics of Science, Technology and Innovation VOLUME 27 Series Editors Cristiano Antonelli, University of Torino, Italy Bo Carlsson, Case Western Reserve University, U.S.A.

Editorial Board: Steven Klepper, Carnegie Mellon University, U.S.A. Richard Langlois, University of Connecticut, U.S.A. J.S. Metcalfe, University of Manchester, U.K. David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. Pascal Petit, CEPREMAP, France Luc Soete, Maastricht University, The Netherlands

The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.

Economics of Science, Technology and Innovation

ENTREPRENEURSHIP: DETERMINANTS AND POLICY IN A EUROPEAN-US COMPARISON edited by

David Audretsch Institute for Development Strategies, Indiana University EIM Business and Policy Research Centre for Advanced Small Business Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam

Roy Thurik Centre for Advanced Small Business Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam EIM Business and Policy Research Institute for Development Strategies, Indiana University

Ingrid Verheul Centre for Advanced Small Business Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam EIM Business and Policy Research

Sander Wennekers EIM Business and Policy Research Centre for Advanced Small Business Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam Institute for Development Strategies, Indiana University

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

eBook ISBN: Print ISBN:

0-306-47556-1 0-7923-7685-4

©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow Print ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: and Kluwer's eBookstore at:

http://kluweronline.com http://ebooks.kluweronline.com

Table of Contents

1. Understanding Entrepreneurship across Countries and over Time

1

DAVID AUDRETSCH, ROY THURIK, INGRID VERHEUL, SANDER WENNEKERS

2. An Eclectic Theory of Entrepreneurship: Policies, Institutions and Culture

11

INGRID VERHEUL, SANDER WENNEKERS, DAVID AUDRETSCH, ROY THURIK

3. Determinants of Entrepreneurship in France

83

CANDICE HENRIQUEZ, INGRID VERHEUL, INEKE VAN DER GEEST, CASANDRA BISCHOFF

4. Determinants of Entrepreneurship in the Netherlands

121

INGRID VERHEUL, NIELS BOSMA, MARIEKE VAN GINKEL, DANIELLE LONGERBONE, REINDER PRINS

5. Determinants of Entrepreneurship in Germany

163

INGRID VERHEUL, GABRIEL LEONARDO, STEPHAN SCHÜLLER, JUDITH VAN SPRONSEN

6. Deteminants of Entrepreneurship in the United States of America INGRID VERHEUL, NIELS BOSMA, FONNIE VAN DER NOL, TOMMY WONG

209

Chapter 1 UNDERSTANDING ENTREPRENEURSHIP ACROSS COUNTRIES AND OVER TIME David Audretsch cab, Roy Thurik bac, Ingrid Verheulba and Sander Wennekers abc a

EIM Business and Policy Research, P.O. Box 7001, 2701 AA Zoetermeer, The Netherlands, Tel. +31-79-3413634 b Centre for Advanced Small