Environment and Health Research Funded by the European Union (EU) Research Framework Programmes: Increasing Scientific K
The European Union has a significant funding programme for environment and health research. The projects funded by its Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes, have contributed to building a knowle
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Jozef M. Pacyna Elisabeth G. Pacyna Editors
Environmental Determinants of Human Health
Molecular and Integrative Toxicology
Series Editor Rodney R. Dietert Department Microbiology and Immunology Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8792
Jozef M. Pacyna • Elisabeth G. Pacyna Editors
Environmental Determinants of Human Health
Editors Jozef M. Pacyna Norwegian Institute for Air Research Kjeller, Norway
Elisabeth G. Pacyna Norwegian Institute for Air Research Kjeller, Norway
ISSN 2168-4219 ISSN 2168-4235 (electronic) Molecular and Integrative Toxicology ISBN 978-3-319-43140-6 ISBN 978-3-319-43142-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-43142-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016954421 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Polluted air and contaminated food and water are major causes of human health deterioration. Over the years, well-established relationships between human health effects and environmental pollution (focusing on air pollutants and chemicals) have formed. A population can be exposed to environmental pollution throughout their whole life span, which may increase during periods of particular vulnerability. The relationship between health deterioration and environmental contamination has been studied for several decades. “Losses” to human health have been estimated in economic terms, as well as in terms of years of life lost. In addition, benefits due to the reduction of human exposure to pollution have also been assessed. In this context, various assessment methodologies have been developed and applied to quantify dose–response relationships for many pollutants. From these re
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