Environmental assessment of tannery wastes in relation to dumpsite soil: a case study from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Environmental assessment of tannery wastes in relation to dumpsite soil: a case study from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Abdelazeem Sh. Sallam 1 & Adel R. A. Usman 1,2 & Hassan A. Al-Makrami 1 & Mohammad I. Al-Wabel 1 & Abdulrasoul Al-Omran 1
Received: 12 December 2014 / Accepted: 7 May 2015 # Saudi Society for Geosciences 2015
Abstract The aim of the current study is to determine the chemical properties and heavy metal content of wastewater and sludge derived from tanneries and to assess their impacts on the changes in soil profiles of tannery effluents dumpsite in terms of chemical composition of soil solution and heavy metal pollution levels. Higher values of electrical conductivity (EC) and soluble cations and anions in tannery wastewater, sludge, and soil samples were observed comparing to control samples. The results showed a great variation in the concentrations of the investigated heavy metals (Fe, Cr, and Pb) in both surface and subsurface soil layers. Highest concentrations of the metals were detected in the surface soil layer. Based on calculated contamination factor (CF) and enrichment factor (EF), soil samples are contaminated and enriched with Pb and especially Cr as a result of disposal of tannery effluents. Principle component analysis (PCA) suggests that both tannery wastewater and sludge are responsible for changing the chemistry of soil solution and inducing toxic metals into the soil environment. Therefore, the findings obtained from this study should be taken into account to understand and predict the type and degree of contaminants derived from tanneries.
* Adel R. A. Usman [email protected] * Abdulrasoul Al-Omran [email protected] 1
Soil Sciences Department, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Soils and Water, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
Keywords Tannery wastewater . Sludge . Soil solution . Pollution level . Chromium
Introduction Environmental contamination by chemical compounds resulted from anthropogenic activities, especially in dumpsites, is considered as a main environmental anxiety all over the world (Mandal et al. 2011). Organic and inorganic pollutants can be incorporated into the environment through different industrial sources including tanneries, industrial petrochemicals, oil refineries, and mining industries, resulting in damage soil and surface and ground water quality (Afkhami et al. 2013; Sahu et al. 2007; Chidambaram et al. 2012; Al-Farraj et al. 2013; Usman et al. 2013; Almasoud et al. 2014). Among various industrial sources, the tanneries result in huge amounts of wastewater and solid waste, which include organic and inorganic contaminants (Chhonkar et al. 2000; Chidambaram et al. 2012). Industrial effluents released from the textile and tannery into the environment contain higher concentrations of toxic metals (Mandal et al. 2011; Tariq et al. 2005, 2006, 2010). When these effluents are dumped into the surface soils, there is a possibility
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