Environmental pollution and COVID-19 outbreak: insights from Germany
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Environmental pollution and COVID-19 outbreak: insights from Germany Bilal 1 & Muhammad Farhan Bashir 2 & Maroua Benghoul 3 & Umar Numan 2 & Awais Shakoor 4 & Bushra Komal 5 & Muhammad Adnan Bashir 6 & Madiha Bashir 7 & Duojiao Tan 1 Received: 13 June 2020 / Accepted: 27 July 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The impact of environmental pollutants and climate indicators on the outbreak of COVID-19 has gained considerable attention in the recent literature. However, specific investigation of industrial economies like Germany is not available. This provides us motivation to examine the association between environmental pollutants, climate indicators and the COVID-19 cases, recoveries, and deaths in Germany using daily data from February 24, 2020, to July 02, 2020. The correlation analysis and wavelet transform coherence (WTC) approach are the analytical tools, which are used to explore the association between variables included in the study. Our findings indicate that PM2.5, O3, and NO2 have a significant relationship with the outbreak of COVID-19. In addition, temperature is the only significant climate indicator which has significant correlation with the spread of COVID-19. Finally, PM10, humidity, and environmental quality index have a significant relationship only with the active cases from COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings conclude that Germany’s successful response to COVID-19 is attributed to environmental legislation and the medical care system, which oversaw significant overhaul after the SARS and MERS outbreaks. The current study implicates that other industrial economies, especially European economies, that are still facing COVID-19 outbreak can follow the German model for pandemic response. Keywords COVID-19 . Germany . Environmental pollution
Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 as a global pandemic on
March 11, 2020, as it became a global health threat (Organization 2020). The prevailing COVID-19 pandemic is spreading at a continuous pace with 12,507,849 confirmed cases as of July 12, 2020, worldwide. The European region
* Muhammad Farhan Bashir [email protected]; [email protected]
Duojiao Tan [email protected]
Bilal [email protected]
1
Hubei University of Economics, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
Maroua Benghoul [email protected]
2
School of Business, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
Umar Numan [email protected]
3
Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey
4
Department of Environment and Soil Sciences, University of Lleida, Avinguda Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
Bushra Komal [email protected]
5
Business School, University of International Business and Economics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Muhammad Adnan Bashir [email protected]
6
School of Economics, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
Madiha Bashir [email protected]
7
Education Department, Government of The Punjab, Sialkot,
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