Environmental Stress and Behavioural Adaptation
It is generally agreed that animal life originated in the sea and that adaptive radiation subsequently led to the colonisaHon of other environments - shores and estuaries, streams and lakes, bog, mountain and desert. In their invasion of these habitats an
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ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND BEHAVIOURAL ADAPTATION JOHN DAVENPORT, PhD, MSe, BSe, MIBiol. Animal Biology Group, Marine Science Laboratories, Menai Bridge
CROOM HELM London & Sydney
© 1985 John Davenport Croom Helm Ltd, Provident House, Burrell Row, Beckenham, Kent BR3 1AT Croom Helm Australia Pty Ltd, First Floor, 139 King Street, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Davenport, John Environmental stress and behavioural adaptation 1. Animal behaviour 2. Animal ecology I. Title 591.5 QL763 ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6075-9
e-ISBN- 978-94-011-6073-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-011-6073-5
Distributed in the USA by Sheridan House Inc., 145 Palisade Street, Dobbs Ferry, NY 10522
Typeset by Columns of Reading by Billing & Sons Limited, Worcester.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1. TEMPERATURE 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.2 PROBLEMS FACED BY ECTOTHERMS 1.3 PROBLEMS FACED BY ENDOTHERMS 1.4 BEHAVIOURAL SOLUTIONS
4
4 5
6 7
1.4.1 Terrestrial Animals 1.4.2 Aquatic Animals
7 27
1.5 COSTS AND BENEFITS OF BEHAVIOURAL THERMOREGULATION
32
1.5.1 The Model
35
1.6 BEHAVIOURAL INDUCTION OF FEVER
41
2. SALINITY 2.1 BACKGROUND 2.2 PROBLEMS IMPOSED BY SALINITY 2.3 BEHAVIOURAL REACTIONS TO SALINITY 2.3.1 Sessile Species 2.3.2 Mobile Species 2.3.3 Migratory Species
46 46 47 50 50
3. OXYGEN TENSION 3.1 BACKGROUND 3 .2 BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES 3.2.1 Improved Ventilation 3.2.2 Air Breathing by Aquatic Animals 3.2.3 Air Breathing by Submerged Animals
68 68 69 69 69
3.2.4 Egg Brooding 3.2.5 Movement Along Gradients of Oxygen Tension
4. DESICCATION 4.1 BACKGROUND 4.2 BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES
60 66
72 73
76 77 77 81
4.2.1 Water Trapping 4.2.2 Humidity Seeking and Nocturnal or Burrowing Habits 4.2.3 Special Problems of Endotherms
5. POLLUTANTS 5.1 BACKGROUND 5.2 OIL OR DISPERSANTS 5.3 THERMAL EFFLUENTS 5.4 CHLORINE 5.5 HEAVY METALS OR PESTICIDES 5.6 ACID POLLUTION
81 82 85 87 87 88 89 91 93 96
6. CONCLUSIONS 6.1 MULTIPURPOSE BEHAVIOUR 6.2 COSTS AND BENEFITS 6.3 RECEPTOR AND EFFECTOR SYSTEMS 6.4 EVOLUTIONARY CONSIDERATIONS
99 99 99 101 103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
106
INDEX
118
INTRODUCTION
It is generally agreed that animal life originated in the sea and that adaptive radiation subsequently led to the colonisaHon of other environments - shores and estuaries, streams and lakes, bog, mountain and desert. In their invasion of these habitats animals left the equable, relatively stabl.e surroundings of the open sea and subjected themselves to the rigours of temperature fluctuations and extremes, a variety of ionic backgrounds, areas of depleted oxygen or the possibility of aerial exposure and potential desiccation. The spur for this radiation presumably lay in the prize of access to unexploited habitats and sources of energy. The survival of these more adventurous species has depended upon them evolving mechanisms to protect the integrity of their cellular constituents. Protoplasm can only exist within physiochemical limits which are quite narrow for each species. Water activity, salt and gas concentrations and temperature all h
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