EOL Treatment
End-of-service life (EOSL) ; End-of-use (EOU)
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EOL Treatment Katherine Ortegon1, Loring Nies2 and John W. Sutherland3 1 Industrial Engineering, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Valle, Colombia 2 Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA 3 Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Synonyms End-of-service life (EOSL); End-of-use (EOU)
Definition The end-of-life (EOL) of a product has traditionally been recognized as the point when a product no longer satisfies the needs or expectations of a user. The phrase “end-of-life” is a misnomer since a product at this point may still have considerable functional or material value. A product that someone no longer wishes to use should be thought of as having reached the end of a use cycle, i.e., an end-of-use (EOU) product. An end-of-use product often still has significant functional and material value remaining that can be recovered through reuse, remanufacturing, refurbishing, or recycling. The value of an EOL product varies considerably depending on its condition, quality,
and cost to recover the product. At the true end-oflife of a product, any materials of value might be recycled while the remainder is incinerated or disposed in a landfill (Fig. 1).
Theory and Application The design of products, and in fact the planning of the whole life cycle, must consider the management of end-of-use (EOU) products and how they will be processed. Product design for end-of-use should consider how products are recovered, management of individual components, disassembly procedures, as well as the evolving value/ health of a product and its components as the product is used. Considering EOU early in the design process allows potential recovery opportunities to be identified (Herrmann et al. 2008). Hence, the design for disassembly (DfD), design for recycling (DfR), design for sustainability (DfS), design for environment (DfE), design for life cycle (DfLC), and design for end-of-life (DfEOL) are strategies created to avoid or mitigate the negative environmental impacts of products during their life cycle and manage the end-of use phase of products. These strategies, when added to other manufacturing practices such as component identification, modularity, and an increased use of recycled materials, could contribute significantly to the recovery of products at end-of-use.
# CIRP 2016 The International Academy for Production Engineering et al. (eds.), CIRP Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35950-7_6607-3
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EOL Treatment Forward Flow Reverse Flow Materials processing
Design
Reuse
Manufacturing
Use
EOU
End-of Life (Disposal / Incineration)
Remanufacturing
Recycling
EOL Treatment, Fig. 1 Product life cycle and end-of-use alternatives
Regardless of the design technique used, the traditional EOU recovery options generally considered are reuse, refurbishing, remanufacturing, and recycling (Ilgin and Gupta 2010; Lee et al. 2010). Each of the EOU options has a different purpose as well as advantages and challenges. For instance, the reuse, refurbishing, a
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