Epidemiology and Etiology of Ovarian Cancer
The median age of patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer is 63 years in the United States, and the risk for developing this cancer increases with age. The age-adjusted incidence rate of ovarian cancer is 11.9 per 100,000 females, which is relatively low,
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Epidemiology and Etiology of Ovarian Cancer Hiroyuki Nomura, Naomi Iwasa, Tomoko Yoshihama, Yoshiko Nanki, and Daisuke Aoki
Abstract
The median age of patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer is 63 years in the United States, and the risk for developing this cancer increases with age. The age-adjusted incidence rate of ovarian cancer is 11.9 per 100,000 females, which is relatively low, and it ranks 17th among all cancers. On the other hand, the mortality from this cancer is relatively high, and the age-adjusted mortality is 7.5 per 100,000 females. Both the annual incidence rate and the mortality have been declining in recent years, reflecting advances in treatment. From a global viewpoint, the incidence rate is higher in developed countries (especially in Northern Europe) compared to developing countries. Although the cause of ovarian cancer is still unknown, several risk factors related to its development have been identified. The most important factors are the family history and genetic background, which account for approximately 10% of ovarian cancer. Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer and Lynch syndrome are associated with mutations of certain genes. Other causes of ovarian cancer that have been suggested include continuous ovulation, excessive gonadotropin stimulation, excessive hormone stimulation, and pelvic inflammation. Ovarian cancer occurs more frequently among nulliparous women and infertile women, while it is less frequent among women with a history of oral contraceptive use, pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Keywords
Ovarian cancer • Incidence rate • Mortality • Risk factor
H. Nomura, M.D., Ph.D. • N. Iwasa, M.D. • T. Yoshihama, M.D. • Y. Nanki, M.D. D. Aoki, M.D., Ph.D. (*) Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 H. Katabuchi (ed.), Frontiers in Ovarian Cancer Science, Comprehensive Gynecology and Obstetrics, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4160-0_1
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H. Nomura et al.
Introduction
Ovarian cancer is uncommon and often advanced at the time of diagnosis and has a poor prognosis. The prevalence of ovarian cancer is influenced by the social background, demographic factors, racial and ethnic factors, and lifestyle factors. The survival rate of ovarian cancer patients has improved with the development and standardization of new treatments. It is important to be aware of epidemiological trends in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer. This section provides an outline of the age distribution of ovarian cancer, annual changes of the incidence rate and mortality, and international comparisons, as well as information about epidemiology and etiology with a focus on risk factors.
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General Epidemiology of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer includes various tumors that arise from the ovaries, and its histological classification is based on the classification of the World Health Organization (WHO) [1]. Superficial epithelial/stromal tumors account for appr
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