Epidemiology of urological infections: a global burden
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Epidemiology of urological infections: a global burden Recep Öztürk1 · Ahmet Murt2 Received: 1 August 2019 / Accepted: 28 December 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Introduction Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most frequent infections in clinical practice worldwide. Their frequency and burden must be higher than available data suggest because they are not among mandatory diseases to be notified. Classification of urinary infections Although there are many different proposals for classifying UTIs, classifications based on acquisition settings and complication status are more widely used. These include community- acquired UTIs (CAUTIs) or healthcare-associated UTIs (HAUTIs) and uncomplicated or complicated UTIs. Epidemiology of urological infections and global burden As the most frequently seen infectious disease, CAUTIs affect more than 150 million people annually. Complicated UTIs in particular constitute a huge burden on healthcare systems as a frequent reason for hospitalization. The prevalence of HAUTIs ranges between 1.4% and 5.1%, and the majority of them are catheter-related UTIs. Community-onset HAUTIs have gained importance in recent years. Conclusion As frequent infectious diseases, UTIs create clinical and economic burdens on healthcare systems, and they also affect quality of life determinants. Keywords Community-acquired urinary tract infection · Community-onset healthcare-associated urinary tract infection · Epidemiology · Global burden · Healthcare-associated urinary tract infection · Urological infections
Introduction Urological (urinary tract) infections (UTIs) are among the most frequent infections of clinical practice worldwide. As a frequent reason for physician referrals both in the United States of America (USA) and Europe, UTIs make up a considerable amount of antibiotic prescriptions. The clinical and economic burdens of UTIs affect health services both in the community setting and in the hospital environment [1, 2]. Urological infections can be seen in a wide spectrum ranging from simple cystitis to urosepsis and septic shock [3]. As an important health problem in all stages of life
* Recep Öztürk [email protected] Ahmet Murt [email protected] 1
Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Istanbul Medipol University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology Unit, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
2
from newborn to the elderly, the frequency of UTIs changes according to sex and age [4]. Epidemiologic data set the basis for rational decisions of the commencement of treatment and for the provision of infection prevention and control [4]. Besides, healthcare policy makers are eager to know the incidence of diseases along with other epidemiologic features to allocate resources appropriately [4, 5]. There are different approaches for the classification of UTIs. Classification will be discussed first
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