Equivalent Linear and Nonlinear Site-Specific Ground Response Analysis of Pashto Cultural Museum Peshawar, Pakistan
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RESEARCH PAPER
Equivalent Linear and Nonlinear Site‑Specific Ground Response Analysis of Pashto Cultural Museum Peshawar, Pakistan Khalid Mahmood1 · Sher Afzal Khan1 · Qaiser Iqbal1 · Fazli Karim1 · Shahid Iqbal1 Received: 18 January 2018 / Accepted: 4 January 2020 © Shiraz University 2020
Abstract Site-specific ground response analysis is needed for seismic hazard estimation, and its mitigation is required for seismically active regions of Pakistan. The work presented in the following includes response analysis of a specific site at Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa using equivalent linear (EL) and also nonlinear (NL) analyses. The site model was developed using the geotechnical investigation data from field investigation and subsequent laboratory tests on representative soil samples. The earthquake records compatible to the seismic activities in the target area are selected and matched to the target response spectra in order to obtain input excitation force for the base ground model. Several issues that are related to site-specific ground response analysis, i.e., shear strain, mobilized shear strength and ground acceleration along depth of soil model, are studied and compared for both EL and NL analyses. The analysis results are also further studied and compared for ground response spectra and amplification factor using both EL and NL analyses. Keywords Site-specific ground response analysis · Equivalent linear (EL) analysis · Nonlinear (NL) analysis · Shear strain · Ground acceleration · Response spectra · Amplification factor (AF)
1 Introduction Pakistan is in the geological expression of the Eurasian and Indian Plates. The Indian Plate is forced to sink under Eurasian Plate at a rate of 42 mm/year (Jain et al. 2000). The country experienced several disastrous earthquakes including 1945 Makran (Mw= 8.0), 1931 Mach (Mw= 7.3), 1935 Quetta (Mw= 7.4) and the recent 2005 Muzaffarabad earthquake (Mw = 7.6). This recent earthquake whose epicenter was about 19 km in northeast of Muzaffarabad according to Zaré and Paridari (2008) resulted in severe loss of life * Khalid Mahmood [email protected] Sher Afzal Khan [email protected] Qaiser Iqbal [email protected] Fazli Karim [email protected] Shahid Iqbal [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Sarhad University Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
and property in Eastern belt of Afghanistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan, Azad Kashmir and Jammu and Kashmir region of India. According to official reports, more than 80,000 persons were killed in this devastating earthquake (Zaré and Paridari 2008). The existence of seismically active faults in the northern and southern areas will continue to have seismic hazard. Therefore, the assessed earthquake hazard and the associated risks along with its mitigation are of great importance for the sustainable development of the seismically active country of Pakistan. Peshawar is recognized as the capital city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan and serves as the economic a
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