Eurasian Steppes. Ecological Problems and Livelihoods in a Changing World
Steppes form one of the largest biomes on earth. Ecological changes came slowly, and nomadic pastoralism long predominated in the steppes. As from the mid-18th century the rate of change increased, and drastic changes in steppe ecology, land use and livel
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PLANT AND VEGETATION Volume 6
Series Editor: M.J.A. Werger
For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7549
Marinus J.A. Werger • Marja A. van Staalduinen Editors
Eurasian Steppes. Ecological Problems and Livelihoods in a Changing World
Editors Marinus J.A. Werger Ecology & Biodiversity Utrecht University Padualaan, De Uithof 8 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
Marja A. van Staalduinen Ecology & Biodiversity Utrecht University Padualaan, De Uithof 8 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
ISSN 1875-1318 ISSN 1875-1326 (electronic) ISBN 978-94-007-3885-0 ISBN 978-94-007-3886-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-3886-7 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012936645 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Eurasian Steppes – Ecological Problems and Livelihoods in a Changing World Steppes form one of the largest biomes on earth. Eurasia comprises a very large steppe area stretching from China, Mongolia and southern Siberia, across Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, south-western Siberia, European Russia, Ukraine, and Hungary, to Anatolia, Romania, Slovakia, and outlier steppes in Austria and Spain. Steppe ecosystems are sufficiently old to have provided plants and animals the oppo
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