Evaluating the biological control capability of Coccinella septempunctata on canola plants treated with humic acid and s
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evaluating the biological control capability of Coccinella septempunctata on canola plants treated with humic acid and salicylic acid via functional response experiments Maryam Pahlavan Yali 1
&
Reyhaneh Sattari_Nassab 1
Received: 5 September 2019 / Accepted: 8 May 2020 # African Association of Insect Scientists 2020
Abstract The efficiency of natural enemies may be affected by different agricultural practices. We investigated the functional response of the seven-spot ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata L. adults to different densities of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L., reared on four treated canola plants including: control, humic acid (HA), salicylic acid (SA), and a mixed application of humic acid and salicylic acid (HA + SA). Based on logistic regression analysis, C. septempunctata adults exhibited a type II functional response in all treatments. The higher attack rate (a) and shorter handling time (Th) of adult males were significantly obtained in SA. The handling time of adult females on different treatments were not significant, but their attack rates were significantly higher in HA + SA and SA. Based on the results, more aphids were consumed in SA and HA + SA. Based on the results, the amount of total flavonoid contents (TFC) and phenolic contents (TPC) in canola leaves was not significant, but the levels of total Glucosinolates (GLS) were significantly high in HA + SA and SA. The results of this study revealed that SA and HA + SA can positively affect the functional response of C. septempunctata to B. brassicae. Keywords Attack rate . Canola . Consumption . Predator . Secondary metabolites
Introduction The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hem: Aphididae), is one of the most important pests of canola, Brassica napus L., which builds up large populations on the undersides of leaves (Kibrom et al. 2012; Karami et al. 2018). The aphid causes serious damage to canola plants directly by feeding on phloem sap and indirectly by transmitting several plant viruses (Blackman and Eastop 2000; Otieno 2005). Biological control using natural enemies is one of the effective alternative methods of chemical insecticides which are frequently applied to protect the canola plants (Karami et al. 2018). The seven-spot ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata L. is one of the well-known species of Coccinellids, which has a wide distribution all over the world (Dixon 2000). Both adults and larval stages vigorously feed on many soft-bodied
* Maryam Pahlavan Yali [email protected] 1
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
insect pests mainly the aphids and have a great role in suppressing their populations (Dixon 2000). For the successful biological control of pests, the efficiency of natural enemies such as functional response and consumption rate should be assessed. (Holling 1959). Functional response describes the relationship between a predator’s consumption rate and prey density (Holling 1959; Jervis and Kidd 1996). Accor
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