Evaluation of biomass-based production of below zero emission reducing gas for the iron and steel industry
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Evaluation of biomass-based production of below zero emission reducing gas for the iron and steel industry Martin Hammerschmid 1
&
Stefan Müller 1
&
Josef Fuchs 1
&
Hermann Hofbauer 1
Received: 3 April 2020 / Revised: 1 August 2020 / Accepted: 4 August 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The present paper focuses on the production of a below zero emission reducing gas for use in raw iron production. The biomassbased concept of sorption-enhanced reforming combined with oxyfuel combustion constitutes an additional opportunity for selective separation of CO2. First experimental results from the test plant at TU Wien (100 kW) have been implemented. Based on these results, it could be demonstrated that the biomass-based product gas fulfills all requirements for the use in direct reduction plants and a concept for the commercial-scale use was developed. Additionally, the profitability of the below zero emission reducing gas concept within a techno-economic assessment is investigated. The results of the techno-economic assessment show that the production of biomass-based reducing gas can compete with the conventional natural gas route, if the required oxygen is delivered by an existing air separation unit and the utilization of the separated CO2 is possible. The production costs of the biomass-based reducing gas are in the range of natural gas-based reducing gas and twice as high as the production of fossil coke in a coke oven plant. The CO2 footprint of a direct reduction plant fed with biomass-based reducing gas is more than 80% lower compared with the conventional blast furnace route and could be even more if carbon capture and utilization is applied. Therefore, the biomass-based production of reducing gas could definitely make a reasonable contribution to a reduction of fossil CO2 emissions within the iron and steel sector in Austria. Keywords Iron and steel . Low-carbon steelmaking . Direct reduction . Biomass . Sorption-enhanced reforming . Oxyfuel combustion
1 Introduction Today the iron and steel industry in EU-28 is responsible for 200 million tons of carbon dioxide [1] which amounts to a share of 5% of the total carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) [2] emissions [3]. These numbers show that especially the transformation of heavy load industries like the iron and steel industry towards low-carbon technologies will be challenging. In Austria the iron and steel industry also contributes to a significant share concerning greenhouse gas emissions. In 2017, 8.1 million tons of crude steel were produced in Austria [4], which are responsible for around 16% of the total greenhouse gas emissions [5]. Technological development
* Martin Hammerschmid [email protected] 1
Institute of Chemical Engineering, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU WIEN, Getreidemarkt 9/166, 1060 Vienna, Austria
has enabled to improve the energy efficiency and to reduce CO2 emissions in this sector. However, the principles of steelmaking have not changed fundamentally over the years. In 2017, over 91%
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