Evaluation of Geo-Environmental Risks in the Impacted Zones of Oil and Gas Industry in the Russian Arctic
The article deals with evaluation of geo-environmental risks (GER) in the impacted zones of oil and gas industry in the Russian Arctic. Much attention is given to GER analysis concept using acidifying pollutant critical load (CL) methodology. It is descri
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wn that “oil and gas related activities take place throughout the Arctic on land and at sea and acidifying pollutants are emitted at every stage – from exploration to the final closure of the field…The Arctic has huge oil and gas reserves and is thought to contain around a quarter of the world’s undiscovered petroleum resources: most of these in Alaska, northern Canada, Norway, and Russia, including
V.N. Bashkin (*) Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Sciences of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russian Federation Institute of Natural Gases and Gas Technologies—Gazprom VNIIGAZ LLC, Razvilka, Moscow Region 142719, Russian Federation e-mail: [email protected] O.P. Trubitsina Northern (Arctic) Federal University Named After M.V. Lomonosov, North Dvina Bank, 17, Arkhangelsk 163002, Russian Federation I.V. Priputina Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems of Soil Sciences of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russian Federation © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 V.N. Bashkin (ed.), Biogeochemical Technologies for Managing Pollution in Polar Ecosystems, Environmental Pollution 26, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41805-6_9
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substantial amounts in offshore areas. A continuing reduction in sea ice is likely to result in an increase in oil and gas activity offshore, particularly in terms of increased marine transport of oil (as the navigation season lengthens and new sea routes open)” (Arctic Pollution 2006). Monitoring of acid deposition in the Russian Arctic is important both in respect of transboundary pollution (circumpolar transfer of pollutants from the west) and as it relates to the development of offshore hydrocarbon production programs both anticipated and already in operation, such as the Prirazlomnaya platform operated by Gazprom Neft, a Gazprom affiliated company. Gas production is expected to be started in the near term in the Kara Sea and Ob-Taz Bay as well as in the Pechora Sea. In the longer term, the oil and gas companies (Gazprom, Rosneft) will also be looking at the Barents Sea. The monitoring of acid deposition as a result of hydrocarbon production and transportation activities in the Arctic regions must include a quantitative assessment of acidification and eutrophication risks for land-based and marine ecosystems based on international approaches to calculating the critical loads (CLs) using the established international procedures (Bashkin and Priputina 2010; Posch et al. 2007; UBA 2004), and results of previous research, some of which are cited in the referenced sources (Bashkin 2006, 2014; Bashkin and Priputina 2010, 2015; Bashkin et al. 2012, 2015; Priputina and Bashkin 2012; Trubitsina and Schwartzman 2007; Trubitsina 2002, 2013, 2015; Markelov et al. 2013; Demidova 2007; Louvar et al. 1998; Eduljee 1999; Taneja and Satsangi 2003; Porter et al. 2005).
2 G ER Analysis Concept Using Acidifying Pollutant CL Methodology In this concept, GER is determined as a
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