Evaluation of Graphene for Effective Cleanup of Fruit and Vegetable Extracts in Pesticide Residue Analysis
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Evaluation of Graphene for Effective Cleanup of Fruit and Vegetable Extracts in Pesticide Residue Analysis Xiaoli Wu & Runze Zhang & Xiaotong Liu & Wenbi Guan & Xue Liu & Zibo Wang & Yongqiang Ma & Canping Pan
Received: 28 November 2013 / Accepted: 11 April 2014 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014
Abstract Graphene is a novel class of carbon nanostructures which possess an ultra-high specific surface area. It has already been used for pre-concentration, extraction, and electrochemical selective determination of pesticides but not much work has been focused on the cleanup efficiency of graphene. In this work, graphene was evaluated as an alternative cleanup sorbent for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of 17 pesticides analyzed in vegetables and fruit with the QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe) method. QuEChERS is a standard method published by CEN (European Committee for Standardization) Code EN 15662: 2008. The recoveries of the 17 pesticides in carrot, grape, tomato and rape were 92–120 % with relative standard deviations below 10 %. Comparative studies showed that graphene not only has good removal efficiencies of pigments in vegetables and fruit, but also has better cleanup ability than commonly used graphitized carbon black (GCB). Keywords Graphene . Cleanup . Sample preparation . Pesticide residue . Analysis . Vegetable . Fruit
Introduction Pesticides, which broadly include both insecticides and herbicides, are often applied to crops such as fruits and vegetables to provide protection against pests, diseases and weeds and to increase agricultural production and productivity (Wilson and Tisdell 2001). However the vast use of pesticides in agriculture results in pesticide residues in our food which is one of the X. Wu : R. Zhang : X. Liu : W. Guan : X. Liu : Z. Wang : Y. Ma (*) : C. Pan College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China e-mail: [email protected]
important hazards to human health (Bolognesi 2003; Galloway and Handy 2003; Alavanja et al. 2004; Ascherio et al. 2006). Therefore a method to attain multi-residue analysis of pesticides in agricultural products and animal-derived foods is of great importance. Multi-residue analysis of pesticides in fruits and vegetables typically entail extraction with a water miscible organic solvent, removal of the co-extracted matrixes and a final chromatographic analysis. Matrix co-extractants such as plant pigments and fatty acid matrix may cause an increase in downtime, interfere with the detection of pesticides at trace levels and result in a sample matrix-induced enhancement effects (Erney et al. 1993; Schenck and Lehotay 2000; Schenck et al. 2002). Sample cleanup prior to analysis is necessary for efficient evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables. The main cleanup procedures are based on gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (Venant et al. 1990; Specht et al. 1995; Di Muccio et al. 1999; Pihlstrom et al. 2002; Zrostlíková et al. 2002; Barrek et al. 2003) and s
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