Evolution of Non-metallic Inclusions Through Processing in Ti-V Microalloyed 316L and Al-V Microalloyed 17-4PH Stainless
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J. BALART is with the University of Warwick, WMG Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Centre (AMMC), Coventry CV4 7AL, UK and also with the BCAST, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK Contact e-mail: [email protected] XINJIANG HAO is with the University of Warwick, WMG - Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Centre (AMMC) and also with Liberty Powder Metals, Materials Processing Institute, Eston Road, Middlesbrough TS6 6US, UK. SAMUEL MARKS is with the University of Warwick, WMG - Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Centre (AMMC) and also with the Oxford Instruments NanoAnalysis, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire HP12 3SE, UK. GEOFF D. WEST and CLAIRE L. DAVIS are with the University of Warwick, WMG - Advanced Manufacturing and Materials Centre (AMMC). MARC WALKER is with the Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. Manuscript submitted March 23, 2020.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
INTRODUCTION
316L and 17-4PH stainless steels are versatile materials being used in many industrial sectors such as offshore, marine, aerospace, nuclear, chemical, and bioengineering due to their good combination of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.[1] Recently, several investigations have highlighted the potential of HIP’d 316L steel for the fabrication of pressure retaining components for nuclear reactors.[2–5] Growth in the powder metallurgy sector[6–12] has led to a considerable increase in the complexity of alloys, products, and processing routes, in particular the metallic powder supply chain.[13] One of the main factors to take into consideration in metallic powders is that most steel alloying elements such as Cr, Mn, Ti, V, Si, and Al are highly reactive to oxygen when exposed to air or other oxygen containing atmospheres and can spontaneously oxidize even under high vacuum conditions.[14] Metallic elements can also
0.0355 0.0360 0.0627 0.0665 0.0557
bal. bal. bal. bal. bal. bal. bal. 0.10 max. 0.019 0.0246 0.1143 0.0887 0.0243 0.1051 0.03 max. 0.015 0.0142 0.0108 0.0069 0.0148 0.0110 0.030 max. 0.008 0.0147 0.0118 0.0241 0.0140 0.0112 0.013 < 0.02 0.012 < 0.02 < 0.005 0.006 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02
0.005 0.100
0.13 < 0.02 0.046 < 0.02 < 0.005 0.05 0.012 < 0.05 0.007
*Additional powdered steel sample not processed from the feedstock material of the present investigation. XPS Powdered steel samples analyzed by XPS.
Sn
0.011 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 0.015 0.013 < 150 lm 106–150 lmXPS 15–45 lmXPS < 150 lm 106–150 lm
< 150 lm 106–150 lmXPS 15–45 lmXPS < 150 lm 106–150 lm
AMGA AMGA VIGA VIGA AMGA VIGA
Al Ta
16.0-18.0 16.62 17.14 15.77 16.67 16.71 16.59 0.336 0.35 0.33 0.04 0.36 0.35 0.001 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 < 0.02 AM AMGA VIGA VIGA AMGA VIGA Specification Feedstock Powder Powder Powder* HIP’d HIP’d
Specification Feedstock Powder Powder Powder* HIP’d HIP’d
Fe O N S C Nb Ti
0.11 0.08 0.08 < 0.02 0.10 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.064 0.04 0.07 0.07 0.75 max. 0.506 0.45 0.46 0.6 0.36 0.52 0.045 max. 0.035 0.038 0.037 0.017 0.04
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