Examining potential effects of arousal, valence, and likability of music on visually induced motion sickness
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Examining potential effects of arousal, valence, and likability of music on visually induced motion sickness Katlyn Peck1,2 · Frank Russo1,2 · Jennifer L. Campos2,3 · Behrang Keshavarz1,2 Received: 14 January 2020 / Accepted: 4 July 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The present study investigated how valence, arousal, and subjective liking of music affect visually induced motion sickness (VIMS). VIMS is a common side effect when interacting with virtual environments, resulting in discomfort, dizziness, and/ or nausea. Music has previously been shown to reduce VIMS, but the precise nature of this effect remains unknown. Eighty participants watched a video of a bicycle ride filmed from a first-person perspective. First, participants (n = 40) were randomly assigned to one of four groups that listened to pre-selected, classical music excerpts varying in valence and arousal (happy, peaceful, agitated, sad) while watching the video. Second, the level of subjective liking of music was maximized by asking participants to select their favourite music (n = 20), which was then played during the video. A control group (n = 20) watched the video without music. VIMS was measured using the Fast Motion Sickness Scale (FMS) and the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ). No effects of valence or arousal on VIMS symptoms were found. Instead, we found that VIMS was significantly reduced when music liking was maximized: Participants who listened to their favourite music reported less VIMS compared to those who did not listen to music at all or to pre-selected music that they liked less. Music that is highly liked can, under certain circumstances, successfully reduce VIMS. These effects appear to be independent of the valence and arousal characteristics of the music. Keywords Simulator sickness · Music liking · Vection · Presence
Introduction Fatigue, pallor, cold sweat, dizziness, and/or nausea are some of the most common symptoms of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS), a phenomenon similar to traditional motion sickness (Bles et al. 2000; Bos et al. 2008; Communicated by Francesca Frassinetti. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-020-05871-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Behrang Keshavarz [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
2
KITE‑Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, 550 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
3
Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Golding 2006a; Golding and Gresty 2015; Kennedy et al. 2010; Keshavarz et al. 2014; Reason and Brand 1975). Unlike motion sickness, VIMS is induced solely by visual stimulation, occurring in the absence of real, physical movement. Hence, VIMS is a major concern in applications that use virtual environments (VEs) viewed by stationary users, for example, within the context of train
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