Exosomal microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells: cell-to-cell messages
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(2020) 18:149
REVIEW
Open Access
Exosomal microRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells: cell-to-cell messages Kasra Asgarpour1, Zahra Shojaei2, Fatemeh Amiri3, Jafar Ai4, Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran5,6, Faezeh Ghasemi7, Reza ArefNezhad8, Michael R. Hamblin9* and Hamed Mirzaei10*
Abstract Exosomes are extracellular vesicles characterized by their size, source, release mechanism and contents. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single stranded non-coding RNAs transcribed from DNA. Exosomes and miRNAs are widespread in eukaryotic cells, especially in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs are used for tissue regeneration, and also exert paracrine, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. However, the use of MSCs is controversial, especially in the presence or after the remission of a tumor, due to their secretion of growth factors and their migration ability. Instead of intact MSCs, MSC-derived compartments or substances could be used as practical tools for diagnosis, follow up, management and monitoring of diseases. Herein, we discuss some aspects of exosomal miRNAs derived from MSCs in the progression, diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cells, Exosomes, MicroRNA
Background Extracellular vesicles were first called “platelet dust” approximately five decades ago [1]. Apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes are the main types of EVs. EVs are generally characterized by their size and mechanism of release [2–4]. The main parameter used to define/characterize exosomes is their size. Different size ranges from 30 to 120 nm have been reported for exosomes [5–8], however they are now usually defined as < 150 nm vesicles [4]. The biogenesis of exosomes involves several steps starting with the production of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) from the endosomal system, followed * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 9 Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA 10 Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
by fusion to the plasma membrane, and finally secretion to the extracellular space [3, 4, 9]. Several different molecules and proteins are involved in exosome production and secretion [10–12]. Much evidence exists for the important role of these vesicles in intercellular communications and their involvement with both pathological and physiological conditions [13, 14]. Exosomes have also been implicated in intracellular communication, angiogenesis, immune system modulation and metastasis progression in cancer [15–18]. The techniques used to isolate and enrich exosomes from biological samples include precipitationultracentrifugation and ultracentrifugation followed by differential gradient centrifugation [6, 19–21]. Many biomolecules including DNA, mRNAs, miRNAs, proteins, lipi
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