Exosomes: Outlook for Future Cell-Free Cardiovascular Disease Therapy
Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally with an estimated 7.4 million people dying from coronary heart disease. Studies have been conducted to identify the therapeutic utility of exosomes in many diseases, including cardiovascul
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Exosomes: Outlook for Future Cell-Free Cardiovascular Disease Therapy Bahar Barani, Sheeja Rajasingh, and Johnson Rajasingh
Abbreviations AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm AdMSCs Adipose-derived MSCs ASCs Adipose stem cells BMMSCs Bone marrow-derived MSCs CVDs Cardiovascular diseases EnMSCs Endometrium-derived MSCs ESCs Embryonic stem cells EVs Extracellular vesicles FIZZ1 Found in inflammatory zone 1 HIMF Hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor HSP Heat shock protein IL Interleukin iPSCs Induced pluripotent stem cells MCP1 Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 MI Myocardial infarction miRNA Micro RNA
B. Barani • S. Rajasingh Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA J. Rajasingh, Ph.D. (*) Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2017 J. Xiao, S. Cretoiu (eds.), Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 998, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-4397-0_19
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mRNA MSC-CM MSCs MVB nCPC nTCM siRNAs VEGF
B. Barani et al.
Messenger RNA MSC-derived condition medium Mesenchymal stem cells Microvesicular body Neonatal cardiac progenitor cell Neonatal total condition medium Small interfering RNAs Vascular endothelial growth factor
19.1 Introduction According to the World Health Organization, 17.3 million deaths were caused by various heart diseases in 2008 and heart disease is the number one reason for death globally. The large number of deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) which include atherosclerotic coronary artery disease and myocardial ischemia. The prevalence of CVDs is projected to rise to about 40.5% of the USA population by 2030 [1]. The prognosis of these diseases is poor despite presently available therapies. Therefore, intense CVDs research continues to grow with the quest of developing more targeted treatment options that promote the avenues of personalized medicine. Furthermore, early detections of functional or damage-related cardiac biomarkers are needed for proper diagnosis to reduce the death rates in humans. Even though there have been significant developments in the field of CVDs, stem cell-based therapies are one of the most promising approaches for improving cardiac regeneration and function. Recently, a number of studies reported that innovative stem cell therapies in patients with CVDs have proven effective in improving ventricular remodeling and quality of life. This increase in the number of beneficial effects further confirmed the therapeutic utility of stem cells in CVDs [2–5]. Although stem cell therapy is showing significant therapeutic benefits by forming new capillaries and cardiomyocytes around the infarcted zone by the transplanted cells,
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