Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Flexural and Crack Failure of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Bottom Ash and
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RESEARCH PAPER
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Flexural and Crack Failure of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Bottom Ash and Fly Ash Memduh Karalar1 Received: 30 December 2019 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 © Shiraz University 2020
Abstract In this study, the effects of bottom ash and fly ash on the crack and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams (RCBs) are observed considering experimental and 3D finite element analysing. For experimental tests, 3 different aggregate sizes are used for 4 different concrete series in the laboratory. Then, fly ash is added to concrete mixture with bottom ash to better seen the effect of fly ash ratio on the cracks and flexure behaviour of RCBs. Created RCBs are subjected to the flexural and crack testing in a fully organized laboratory. According to test results, flexural and crack behaviours of the RCBs are examined. Moreover, experimental tests are confirmed by numerical analyses by using ANSYS software. Accordingly, it is observed that each ash ratio in the concrete mixture has different flexural and crack effects on the RCBs for experimental and numerical tests. Then, a concrete structure is modelled using SAP2000 software to investigate the effects of fly and bottom ash ratio on the structures under earthquakes. Totally, 3 different seismic analyses are performed using SAP2000 software, and the seismic effects of bottom and fly ash ratio on the horizontal displacements of each floor are clearly seen in detail. Keywords Bottom ash · Crack behaviour · Fly ash · Flexural behaviour · Finite element analysis · Reinforced concrete beam
1 Introduction In reinforced concrete buildings and engineering structures, significant flexures and cracks, as well as other damages, may occur depending on the static and dynamic loads, and significant damages may take place at bears and columns of the concrete structures. The most dangerous cracks occur in the bearing elements (e.g. beams, supports, pillars, and slabs) responsible for the integrity of an entire structure. Thus, examination of crack and flexural behaviour of these bearing elements is very important for the evaluation of safety and future of concrete buildings. The safety factor of these structural elements is currently evaluated by numerical analysing and experimental tests. There are various methods to monitor the flexural and crack behaviour of structures. One of the methods includes local deformation measurements with strain sensors of different types: strain gauge, vibrating wire sensor and fibre optic sensor. Another * Memduh Karalar [email protected] 1
Department of Civil Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
approach to the assessment of the deformation state of the structure is 3D numerical analysis of its response to dynamic loading, which involves the estimate of natural frequencies, mode shapes, and damping ratios. In the past, many investigators investigated the crack and flexural behaviour of concrete beams using includes local deformation measurements with
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