Experimental and numerical investigation on the impact resistance of high-carbon low-alloy steel
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(2020) 20:64
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Experimental and numerical investigation on the impact resistance of high‑carbon low‑alloy steel Amborish Banerjee1 · B. Gangadhara Prusty1,2 · Qiang Zhu3 Received: 29 January 2020 / Revised: 14 May 2020 / Accepted: 18 May 2020 © Wroclaw University of Science and Technology 2020
Abstract Duplex high-carbon steel is widely used in ball mills in the form of grinding balls and thus subjected to impact loads during the normal operation of the mill. The influence of impact loading at different impact energies is investigated in this paper. Impact tests using a drop tower were performed in the regime of 100–150 J, and the mechanical response of the material was recorded. The deformation behaviour of the material was classified into two groups: (a) low-impact-energy regime (100–120 J) where the material bulged without fracture and (b) high-impact-energy regime (130–150 J) where the material faced catastrophic failure. An overall increase in the load-bearing capacity of the material was found with an increase in the impact energy. The energy–time curves exhibited both linear and nonlinear regions which were attributed to the nucleation and propagation of cracks. Shear bands were observed in the specimens which underwent catastrophic fracture (i.e. 130 J and above); however, significant changes in the features of shear bands were noticed with increase in the impact energy. Fracture surfaces displayed the presence of microvoids, dimples, knobby fracture and river pattern, thus indicating ductile as well as a brittle mode of failure. Transmission electron microscopy results revealed the presence of much finer nano-grains inside the shear bands as compared to the surrounding regions. Finite element simulations exhibited an increase in the shear stress with the propagation of shear bands during the ongoing deformation process. Keywords High-carbon stee (HCS)l · Impact · Finite element method · Fracture · Microstructure
1 Introduction Dual-phase HCS consisting of martensite and retained austenite (RA) is widely used in grinding units and mining industries for comminution process [1]. The presence of * Amborish Banerjee [email protected]; [email protected] B. Gangadhara Prusty [email protected] Qiang Zhu [email protected] 1
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
2
ARC Training Centre for Automated Manufacture of Advanced Composites (AMAC), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
3
Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
martensite increases the strength and hardness of the material, whereas retained austenite enhances the ductility of the material [2]. This excellent hardness, wear resistance and strength retention ability of HCS have indicated their potential application in high-abrasion environments such as in ball mills for grinding purpose. It is fully understood that during the operation of balls mills, th
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