Exploring the temporal dynamics of inhibition of return using steady-state visual evoked potentials
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Exploring the temporal dynamics of inhibition of return using steady-state visual evoked potentials Alfred Lim 1,2 & Steve M. J. Janssen 1 & Jason Satel 3 Accepted: 25 October 2020 / Published online: 24 November 2020 # The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2020
Abstract Inhibition of return is characterized by delayed responses to previously attended locations when the interval between stimuli is long enough. The present study employed steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) as a measure of attentional modulation to explore the nature and time course of input- and output-based inhibitory cueing mechanisms that each slow response times at previously stimulated locations under different experimental conditions. The neural effects of behavioral inhibition were examined by comparing post-cue SSVEPs between cued and uncued locations measured across two tasks that differed only in the response modality (saccadic or manual response to targets). Grand averages of SSVEP amplitudes for each condition showed a reduction in amplitude at cued locations in the window of 100-500 ms post-cue, revealing an early, short-term decrease in the responses of neurons that can be attributed to sensory adaptation, regardless of response modality. Because primary visual cortex has been found to be one of the major sources of SSVEP signals, the results suggest that the SSVEP modulations observed were caused by input-based inhibition that occurred in V1, or visual areas earlier than V1, as a consequence of reduced visual input activity at previously cued locations. No SSVEP modulations were observed in either response condition late in the cue-target interval, suggesting that neither late input- nor output-based IOR modulates SSVEPs. These findings provide further electrophysiological support for the theory of multiple mechanisms contributing to behavioral cueing effects. Keywords Attention . Inhibition of return . Eye movements . Input-based IOR . Steady-state visual evoked potentials . EEG
Introduction Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to delayed responses to stimuli that have been previously attended. Frequently studied with Posner’s cue-target paradigm (Posner & Cohen, 1984), increased response times (RTs) to cued as compared to uncued targets (i.e., inhibitory cueing effects; ICEs) are typically observed when the cue-target onset asynchrony (CTOA) is long enough (for a review, see Klein, 2000). IOR is observed behaviorally when the delay between the onset of two stimuli presented at the same location exceeds approximately 200 ms, and the effect can last up to 3 seconds (Samuel & Kat, 2003). * Jason Satel [email protected] 1
School of Psychology, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
2
National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
3
School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
Although early IOR studies primarily used manual response tasks, it has commonly been proposed that IOR is generated in th
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