Extension of Pairwise Broadcast Clock Synchronization for Multicluster Sensor Networks
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Research Article Extension of Pairwise Broadcast Clock Synchronization for Multicluster Sensor Networks Kyoung-Lae Noh,1 Yik-Chung Wu,2 Khalid Qaraqe,3 and Bruce W. Suter4 1 Digital
Solution Center, Corporate Technology Operations, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., South Korea of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 3 Texas A&M University at Qatar, P.O. Box 23874, Doha, Qatar 4 Information Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory/RITC, Rome, NY 13441, USA 2 Department
Correspondence should be addressed to Yik-Chung Wu, [email protected] Received 26 April 2007; Revised 28 September 2007; Accepted 15 November 2007 Recommended by Paul Cotae Time synchronization is crucial for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in performing a number of fundamental operations such as data coordination, power management, security, and localization. The Pairwise Broadcast Synchronization (PBS) protocol was recently proposed to minimize the number of timing messages required for global network synchronization, which enables the design of highly energy-efficient WSNs. However, PBS requires all nodes in the network to lie within the communication ranges of two leader nodes, a condition which might not be available in some applications. This paper proposes an extension of PBS to the more general class of sensor networks. Based on the hierarchical structure of the network, an energy-efficient pair selection algorithm is proposed to select the best pairwise synchronization sequence to reduce the overall energy consumption. It is shown that in a multicluster networking environment, PBS requires a far less number of timing messages than other well-known synchronization protocols and incurs no loss in synchronization accuracy. Moreover, the proposed scheme presents significant energy savings for densely deployed WSNs. Copyright © 2008 Kyoung-Lae Noh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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INTRODUCTION
Recently, a huge attention has been paid to wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as fundamental infrastructures for future ubiquitous communication environments [1, 2]. With the help of current technical developments in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and wireless communications, the feasibility of WSNs keeps rapidly growing. Time (clock) synchronization is a procedure for providing a common notion of time across a distributed system. Hence, it is essential to maintain data consistency and coordination, and to perform other fundamental operations [2–4]. The Network Time Protocol (NTP) [5] is the most popular synchronization protocol for distributed networks due to its diverse advantages in the Internet environment. However, NTP is subject to a number of critical issues when applied to WSNs because of the unique nature of sensor networks: limited power resources, adverse wireless channel conditions, and dynamic topology changes. For t
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