Extraction of Indium from By-products of Zinc Metallurgy by Ultrasonic Waves
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RESEARCH ARTICLE-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Extraction of Indium from By-products of Zinc Metallurgy by Ultrasonic Waves Jingtian Zou1,2,3,4,5 · Yongguang Luo1,2,3,4,5 · Xia Yu1,2,3,4,5 · Jing Li1,2,3,4,5 · Yunhao Xi1,2,3,4,5 · Libo Zhang1,2,3,4,5 · Wenqian Guo1,2,3,4,5 · Guo Lin1,2,3,4,5 Received: 17 March 2019 / Accepted: 17 March 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract The extraction of indium from hard zinc slag is a relatively common method, but it is desired to further improve the leaching efficiency of indium. The leaching effect of indium from a hard zinc slag via ultrasonication was studied. We have found that the infiltration efficiency of indium can be improved by ultrasonic waves through its cavitation effect, mechanical effect, etc. The use of calcium hypochlorite instead of the chlorine used in the conventional method as an oxidant reduces corrosion of the equipment and does not pollute the environment. In this paper, HCl–CaCl2 and Ca(ClO)2 were employed as a leaching agent and oxidant, respectively. The effects of ultrasonic power, leaching time, initial acidity, reaction temperature, concentration of CaCl2 , and amount of Ca(ClO)2 on the leaching rate of indium from zinc metallurgy by-products were investigated. The optimum conditions were as follows: ultrasonic power 700 W, reaction temperature 70 °C, leaching time 50 min with ultrasonication and 60 min without ultrasonication, HCl concentration 4.5 mol/L, CaCl2 concentration 150 g/L, and oxidizing agent concentration 35 g/L. Under the optimal conditions, the leaching rate of indium was 96.42% with ultrasonication and 94.8% without ultrasonication. The effect of the ultrasonic waves on the slag during hard zinc leaching was studied by scanning electron microscope. Keywords Indium · Hard zinc slag · Ultrasonic · Leaching
1 Introduction
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Jing Li [email protected] Libo Zhang [email protected]
1
Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
2
Kunming Key Laboratory of Special Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
4
National Local Joint Laboratory of Engineering Application of Microwave Energy and Equipment Technology, Kunming 650093, Yunnan, China
5
Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Ministry of Education, Kunming 650093, China
Indium ingots with high photoconductivity and conductivity are mainly used to produce ITO targets, liquid crystal displays, and flat screens [1–3]. The above products represent approximately 70% of the global indium consumption. The other sectors include the semiconductor industry (accounting for 12%), solder and alloy production (accounting for 12%), and academic and industrial research projects (accounting for 6%) [4]. In addition, because of its softer nature, indium is also used for pressure cracking in cer
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