Extraction of Natural Pigment Gossypol from Defatted Cottonseed Using 2-Propanol-Water Green Solvent, Its Kinetics and T
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RESEARCH ARTICLE-CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Extraction of Natural Pigment Gossypol from Defatted Cottonseed Using 2‑Propanol‑Water Green Solvent, Its Kinetics and Thermodynamic Study Surinder Singh1,2 · Surendra Kumar Sharma2 · Sushil Kumar Kansal1 Received: 2 July 2019 / Accepted: 25 May 2020 © King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020
Abstract Herein environment-friendly solvent 2-propanol-water (95:5 v/v) acidified with 0.5 M oxalic acid was utilized to extract gossypol, a naturally occurring pigment of cottonseed. This polyphenolic pigment gossypol acts as a toxin to cottonseed oil and protein during processing of cottonseed by imparting a dark colouration. The parameters affecting the solvent extraction process, such as temperature, solvent-to-seed ratio, acid concentration and contact time, were studied and optimized along with evaluation of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. The gossypol extraction followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the kinetics mechanism displayed the diffusion of gossypol from solid phase to the liquid phase. The extraction process was internal diffusion controlled, and internal solid diffusion was the rate controlling step. The optimum conditions for extraction of gossypol were obtained experimentally as 0.5 M oxalic acid concentration, temperature of 348 K, solvent-to-seed ratio of 15 and an extraction time of 180 min, exhibiting maximum gossypol extraction of 95.43% under these conditions. The activation energy of extraction was found out to be 6.099 kJ/mol while the gossypol extraction process was found out to be endothermic in nature, viable and increased the degree of randomness of extraction process. 2-Propanol-water solvent proved to be a potent green solvent for extraction of gossypol from cottonseed. Keywords Cottonseed meal · 2-Propanol · Extraction · Gossypol · Green solvent
1 Introduction Cottonseed meal protein is a useful by-product of cottonseed oil processing industry having a significant potential to overcome daily protein needs of ruminants and non-ruminant animals and aquaculture. But this ability of cottonseed protein is greatly hampered by the presence of gossypol, which is a polyphenolic terpenoid aldehyde belonging to the genus * Surinder Singh [email protected]; [email protected] Surendra Kumar Sharma [email protected] Sushil Kumar Kansal [email protected] 1
Dr. S.S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
University School of Chemical Technology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sec‑16‑C, Dwarka, Delhi 110078, India
2
of Gossypium and family of Malvaceae. It naturally occurs in seeds, stem, leaves and roots of cotton plant in lysigeneous glands being present on foliage, floral organs or tissues [1]. These lysigeneous glands are of size 50–400 µm present in root-bark, bolls, petals, leaves and seeds of cotton plant. The amount of gossypol in different parts of cotton plant varies from 0.02 to 6.64% [2]. Gossypol acts as a phytoalexin in c
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