Extraction, Purification, and Quantification of Artemisinin and its Analogs from Artemisia annua L.
Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases, affecting at least 300 million people a year globally, and resulting in more than 1 million deaths. Artemisinin, an endoperoxide-containing sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the aerial parts of Ar
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Extraction, Purification, and Quantification of Artemisinin and its Analogs from Artemisia annua L. Shuoqian Liu, Na Tian and Zhonghua Liu
Abstract Malaria is one of the most important parasitic diseases, affecting at least 300 million people a year globally, and resulting in more than 1 million deaths. Artemisinin, an endoperoxide-containing sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the aerial parts of Artemisia annua L., which is an herb of the Asteraceae family that has been used for centuries for the treatment of fever and chills in China, is currently the best therapy against malaria. In addition, artemisinin proved effective against hepatitis B, schistosomiasis, several blood parasitic protozoans, and against a variety of cancer cell lines including breast cancer, human leukemia, colon, small-cell lung carcinomas, and drug-resistant cancers. Artemisinin demand has increased sharply since the World Health Organization recommended its use as part of the artemisinin combination therapies. Since A. annua is currently the only practical source of artemisinin, the area for the crop cultivation has expanded in Africa and Asia and the number of manufacture focusing on artemisinin production is increasing. Therefore, extraction of artemisinin from A. annua and quality control on plant crop and final products have become more and more important. Various novel methods have been developed for production and quantification of artemisinin in A. annua. This chapter reviewed the most wildly used extraction and determination methods for artemisinin and mainly introduced the artemisinin extraction under room temperature, the isolation of artemisinin, and its analogs by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and the quantification of density of glandular trichomes (GTs) on surface of A. annua leaves by light microscope, analysis of artemisinin in fresh and dried material by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (ECD).
S. Liu (&) N. Tian Z. Liu National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture and Hardening, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China e-mail: [email protected]
T. Aftab et al. (eds.), Artemisia annua - Pharmacology and Biotechnology, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41027-7_9, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
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9.1 Introduction Artemisia annua L., known as Huanghuahao in China, is an annual herb native of Asia, which has been used for many centuries in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of fever and malaria. Malaria is one of the world’s most important parasitic diseases which cause approximately 300–500 million people worldwide affected and more than 1 million deaths every year (Newman 2012). Artemisinin, an endoperoxide-containing sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the aerial parts of A. annua, have proven efficacy in killing Plasmodium falciparum parasites in severe as well as uncomplicated malaria (Dhingra et al. 1999). Owing to the increasi
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