Extracts of medicinal plants with natural deep eutectic solvents: enhanced antimicrobial activity and low genotoxicity
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
BMC Chemistry Open Access
Extracts of medicinal plants with natural deep eutectic solvents: enhanced antimicrobial activity and low genotoxicity Tsvetinka Grozdanova1, Boryana Trusheva1, Kalina Alipieva1, Milena Popova1, Lyudmila Dimitrova2, Hristo Najdenski2, Maya M. Zaharieva2, Yana Ilieva2, Bela Vasileva3, George Miloshev3, Milena Georgieva3 and Vassya Bankova1*
Abstract Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) are a new alternative to toxic organic solvents. Their constituents are primary metabolites, non-toxic, biocompatible and sustainable. In this study four selected NADES were applied for the extraction of two medicinal plants: Sideritis scardica, and Plantago major as an alternative to water-alcohol mixtures, and the antimicrobial and genotoxic potential of the extracts were studied. The extraction efficiency was evaluated by measuring the extracted total phenolics, and total flavonoids. Best extraction results for total phenolics for the studied plants were obtained with choline chloride-glucose 5:2 plus 30% water; but surprisingly these extracts were inactive against all tested microorganisms. Extracts with citric acid-1,2-propanediol 1:4 and choline chloride-glycerol 1:2 showed good activity against S. pyogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Low genotoxicity and cytotoxicity were observed for all four NADES and the extracts with antimicrobial activity. Our results confirm the potential of NADESs for extraction of bioactive constituents of medicinal plants and further suggest that NADES can improve the effects of bioactive extracts. Further studies are needed to clarify the influence of the studied NADES on the bioactivity of dissolved substances, and the possibility to use such extracts in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Keywords: Green extraction, Natural deep eutectic solvents, Sideritis scardica, Plantago major, Antimicrobial activity, Genotoxicity Introduction One of the most important aims of green chemistry has been to find green solvents for extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources in order to replace the currently used hazardous organic solvents. One of the eco-friendly alternatives are deep eutectic solvents (DES) and particularly the natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). DES are mixtures of organic compounds that have melting points lower than those of the individual *Correspondence: [email protected] 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry With Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
components of the mixture and are liquid at ambient temperature. In the case of NADES, the constituents of the eutectic mixture are natural compounds: primary metabolites, which are easily available, non-toxic, biocompatible and sustainable [1]. NADES have low vapor pressure, an advantage with respect to environmental and human health protection. This property, however, poses a serious problem to the recovery of the active ingredie
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