Ecotoxicity and biodegradability of pure and aqueous mixtures of deep eutectic solvents: glyceline, ethaline, and reline
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Ecotoxicity and biodegradability of pure and aqueous mixtures of deep eutectic solvents: glyceline, ethaline, and reline David Lapeña 1 & Diego Errazquin 1 & Laura Lomba 1 & Carlos Lafuente 2 & Beatriz Giner 1 Received: 31 March 2020 / Accepted: 5 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Most of the works carried out on deep eutectic solvents (DESs) make reference to their physicochemical properties, and the analysis of their toxicological behavior on the environment and biodegradability are still limited. In this work, an exhaustive study on the ecotoxicity of three pure deep eutectic solvents (reline, glyceline, and ethaline) and their mixtures with water (relinewater, glyceline-water, and ethaline-water) was carried out in different biomodels: bacteria (A. fisheri), crustaceans (D. magna), and algae (S. capricornatum). In addition, the amount of chlorophyll in the algae after exposure to the DESs was analyzed. Finally, the biodegradability of the studied DESs was also analyzed. The ecotoxic behavior strongly depends on both the biomodel tested and the presence of water in the mixture, resulting in low toxicities in all cases. Furthermore, most of the deep eutectic solvents studied can be considered readily biodegradable. A comparison of the ecotoxicity and biodegradability of these solvents under other conditions has also been provided, and a complete analysis is given. Keywords Ecotoxicity . Biodegradability . Glyceline . Ethalinereline
Introduction Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are mixtures of two or more components that create a eutectic mixture due to strong Highlights The ecotoxicity of three deep eutectic solvents was measured in different biomodels. The studied deep eutectic solvents are not toxic to the selected biomodels. The toxicity increases according to the trend of bacteria < algae < crustaceans. The biodegradability of deep eutectic solvents depends on the water content. Responsible editor: Gerald Thouand Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11144-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Beatriz Giner [email protected] 1
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus Universitario, Autov A23 km 299, 50830, Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
2
Departamento Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
intermolecular interactions. This means that the melting temperature of the mixture is much lower than the melting temperature of each of the components and thus can be found in the liquid state at room temperature. This causes these types of mixtures to have very interesting properties and applications. For example, DESs have a striking ability to solubilize chemicals of a very different nature (Faggian et al. 2016; Liu et al. 2018; Mbous et al. 2017a) and, as a result, have been used as extraction media for anthocyanins, flavones, and x
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