Eye-Tracking in Infants and Young Children at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Visual Stimuli i
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Eye‑Tracking in Infants and Young Children at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Visual Stimuli in Experimental Paradigms Ann M. Mastergeorge1 · Chanaka Kahathuduwa2 · Jessica Blume1
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Eye-tracking represents a sensitive, direct measure of gaze allocation and goal-directed looking behaviors that correspond to visual information processing. Clear definitions and standardization of research protocols to document the utility and feasibility of these methods are warranted. This systematic review provides an account of stimuli dimensions and experimental paradigms used in eye-tracking research for young children at risk for ASD published from 2005 through 2019. This review identifies variability in eye-tracking protocols and heterogeneity of stimuli used for eye-tracking as factors that undermine the value of eye-tracking as an objective, reliable screening tool. We underscore the importance of sharing eye-tracking stimuli to enhance replicability of findings and more importantly the need to develop a bank of publicly available, validated stimuli. Keywords Eye-tracking · Screening · Gaze behavior · Infants · Young children Eye-tracking represents a sensitive, direct measure of gaze allocation and goal-directed looking behaviors that correspond to information processing for a variety of visual stimuli (Elison et al. 2013; Gredebäck et al. 2010; Pierce et al. 2009). As such, over the past 10 years, eye-tracking research has greatly expanded our understanding of both biological and behavioral patterns of visual attention and gaze behavior, especially in young children at risk for developmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD; FalckYtter et al. 2013a, b; Klin et al. 2009; Pierce et al. 2016). A systematic review of both the content and context of studies that have utilized eye-tracking could substantially improve and advance the applications of eye-tracking as a reliable assessment tool in infants and children at risk of being diagnosed with ASD.
* Ann M. Mastergeorge [email protected] 1
Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41230, Lubbock, TX 79409‑1230, USA
Department of Laboratory Sciences and Primary Care, School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Health Professions, Lubbock, TX, USA
2
Eye-tracking has several advantages as an assessment tool for children with ASD. First, eye-tracking can be implemented with very young infants (Elsabbagh et al. 2012; Gredebäck et al. 2010; Jones et al. 2008; Jones and Klin 2013), possibly leading to earlier identification of gaze risk and subsequent targeted interventions (Chawarska et al. 2013; Elsabbagh et al. 2012; Jones and Klin 2013). However, not all infants provide valid eye-tracking data (Aslin 2012). Early risk identification has been a pivotal hallmark in ASD intervention research in order to improve developmental outcomes
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