Parenting Stress and Child Behavior Problems in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Transactional Relations Ac
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Parenting Stress and Child Behavior Problems in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Transactional Relations Across Time Yun‑Nung Lin1 · Lai‑Sang Iao2 · Yu‑Han Lee3 · Chin‑Chin Wu1,4
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This longitudinal study examined the transactional relations between parenting stress and both internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) over 1.5 years using a cross-lagged panel analysis. Participants included 75 young children with ASD (Time 1; mean age = 25.68 months) and their parents. Parenting stress that was related to parent’s perceptions on child characteristics was found to predict externalizing behavioral problems in young children with ASD across two time points. However, behavioral problems in young children with ASD did not predict parenting stress. These findings provide implications for early intervention and family services for young children with ASD and their families. Keywords Autism spectrum disorder · Externalizing behavioral problems · Internalizing behavioral problems · Longitudinal study · Parenting stress
Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication and repetitive interests or stereotyped behaviors (American Psychiatric Association [APA] 2013). Parents of children with ASD experience more parenting stress compared to parents of children with typical development (Estes et al. 2013; Giovagnoli et al. 2015; Hayes and Waston 2013) and those with other disabilities (e.g., intellectual disability, Down syndrome; Craig et al. 2016; Estes et al. 2009; Hayes and Waston 2013). Previous studies suggested that elevated parenting stress in parents of children with ASD or Fragile X is associated with negative outcomes, such as poor * Chin‑Chin Wu [email protected] 1
Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, 8F, Chi‑Shih Building, 100, Shih‑Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
2
Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
3
Clinical Psychology Center, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
4
Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
marital relationships (Benson and Kersh 2011; Sim et al. 2016), poor parental mental health (Benson and Kersh 2011; Falk et al. 2014; Phetrasuwan and Shandor Miles 2009), and low quality of life (Hsiao 2016; Wheeler et al. 2008). It is thus important to understand parenting stress in parents of children with ASD in terms of its predictors and their interactions over time in order to reduce its negative impacts. Lazarus’s (1993) theory of psychological stress proposed four elements in the stress process: (1) a causal event, (2) a cognitive appraisal of the event, (3) coping mechanisms, and (4) stress reactions. Considering parenting stress in parents of children with ASD as a stress reactio
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