Fabrication and Characterization of Air-Stable Organic-Inorganic Bismuth-Based Perovskite Solar Cells
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MRS Advances © 2018 Materials Research Society DOI: 10.1557/adv.2018.514
Fabrication and Characterization of Air-Stable Organic-Inorganic Bismuth-Based Perovskite Solar Cells S. Sanders1, D. Stümmler1, P. Pfeiffer1, N. Ackermann1, G. Simkus1,2, M. Heuken1,2, P. K. Baumann3, A. Vescan1 and H. Kalisch1 1
Compound Semiconductor Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Sommerfeldstr. 18, 52074 Aachen, Germany
2
AIXTRON SE, Dornkaulstr. 2, 52134 Herzogenrath, Germany
3
APEVA SE, Dornkaulstr. 2, 52134 Herzogenrath, Germany
Abstract:
Pb-based organometal halide perovskite solar cells have passed the threshold of 20 % power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the main issues hampering commercialization are toxic Pb contained in these cells and their instability in ambient air. Therefore, great attention is devoted to replace Pb by Sn or Bi, which are less harmful and - in the case of Bi - also expected to yield enhanced stability. In literature, the most efficient hybrid organic-inorganic methylammonium bismuth iodide (MBI) perovskite solar cells reach PCE up to 0.2 %. In this work, we present spin-coated MBI perovskite solar cells and highlight the impact of the concentration of the perovskite solution on the layer morphology and photovoltaic (PV) characteristics. The solar cells exhibit open-circuit voltages of 0.73 V, which is the highest value published for this type of solar cell. The PCE increases from 0.004 % directly after processing to 0.17 % after 48 h of storage in air. 300 h after exposure to air, the cells still yield 56 % of their peak PCE and 84 % of their maximum open-circuit voltage.
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INTRODUCTION Recently, methylammonium lead halide perovskite (MAPbX3) solar cells have passed the threshold of 20 % power conversion efficiency (PCE) [1-3], rendering them a promising alternative to existing technologies due to long geminate carrier lifetimes [1] and high absorption coefficients [4]. Nevertheless, commercialization is still delayed by rapid degradation and conversion to PbI2 in ambient air [5] and the toxicity of Pb. In literature, Sn-based perovskites with efficiencies up to 8.1 % [6] have been developed, but they continue to suffer from direct oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+ leading to instant degradation of PV performance [6–8]. Alternatives are Bi-based perovskites, which exhibit higher stability to ambient air, based on the formation of a thin BiOI or Bi2O3 phase on the surface and a stable MA3Bi2I9 bulk phase after exposure to air [5] and extended lifetime [9]. MBI layers are known to tend to high porosity and poor substrate wetting limiting PV efficiencies [9,10]. The characteristic needle structure of the perovskite crystallites was exhibited by Singh et al. They showed a huge impact of the layer morphology on the cell performance with efficiencies up to 0.2 % [
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