Fabrication, mechanical property and in vitro bioactivity of hierarchical macro-/micro-/nano-porous titanium and titaniu
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Fabrication, mechanical property and in vitro bioactivity of hierarchical macro-/micro-/nano-porous titanium and titanium molybdenum alloys Farhad Saba1,2, Elham Garmroudi-Nezhad3, Faming Zhang1,a), Lili Wang1 1
Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Advanced Metallic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China 3 Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran a) Address all correspondence to this author. e-mail: [email protected] 2
Received: 19 February 2020; accepted: 29 April 2020
Novel three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical macro- to nano-porous titanium (Ti) and TiMo alloys with sufficient compressive strength (CS) were prepared using NaCl spacer and dealloying methods. The dealloying process was implemented by the heat treatment of TiCu and TiMoCu master alloys in Mg powders. The 3D-hierarchical porous structures were composed of large pores having a mean size of 400 μm with interconnected micro-pores in the size of 10–30 μm, where the pore walls possessed numerous nano-pores with a size range of 10–50 nm. The CS and elastic modulus values were 72.4 MPa and 2.67 GPa as well as 92.62 MPa and 3.36 GPa for Ti and TiMo, respectively. The hierarchical porous structure is beneficial for the fast nucleation of bone-like apatite after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). In addition, TiMo samples after NaOH and heat treatments provide better apatite formation after soaking in SBF for a week, in comparison with the samples without treatment.
Introduction Porous metals are a new class of engineering materials that possess excellent functional and structural properties. These materials have a wide range of characteristics which differ from bulk metals, including a low-density and large surface area. These metals are attractive for use as lightweight materials, electrodes and catalyst carriers impact energy absorption materials and biomedical equipments [1]. However, all porous metals suffer from weak mechanical properties such as poor strength and stiffness because of the non-uniform distribution of pore number and size. Among these materials, titanium (Ti) and its alloys have become interesting candidate materials for biomedical applications such as artificial joints and bone trauma products due to their excellent mechanical properties, biocompatibility, good corrosion resistance, high-specific strength, as well as an excellent balance of strength and ductility [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Furthermore, Ti and its alloys can be classified as bio-inert, nontoxic and non-allergenic materials based on cell viability characterization [10, 11, 12]. The mentioned materials also provide fewer imaging artifacts, resulting in clear
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [13]. For these reasons, Ti alloys are receiving significant
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