Fabrication of heat-treated bulk copper for binder-free electrodes
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Fabrication of heat-treated bulk copper for binder-free electrodes Abdulcabbar Yavuz1,*
, Metin Bedir2, and Ali Tunc¸2
1
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University, 27310 Sehitkamil, Gaziantep, Turkey 2 Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Gaziantep University, 27310 Sehitkamil, Gaziantep, Turkey
Received: 11 July 2020
ABSTRACT
Accepted: 7 October 2020
A simple annealing method was applied to prepare agglomerated copper nanoparticles on a bulk copper current collector. Copper oxide electrodes were obtained by heat treatment of bulk copper at different temperatures and for different lengths of time. The effect of annealing temperature and time on chemical and surface structure was explored. XRD, XPS, FTIR and SEM were used for characterization of the structural, compositional and morphological properties of non-annealed and annealed copper. The electrochemical performance of the electrodes was examined in different electrolytes (neutral, alkaline and ionic liquid). Copper-based electrodes were annealed at 300 °C for 30 min and their specific capacitance at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1 was calculated to be 1900 F g-1. The electrochemical performance of annealed copper was not enriched by annealing the copper electrode for long durations because the electrochemical reaction of the copper oxide film occurs between the alkali and only the outmost surface of the annealed copper. The performance of the as-prepared copper oxide electrodes was attributed to the morphology of the electrode, not its thickness. The synthesis of copper oxide by annealing in a muffle furnace could provide an easy method for the production of copper-based electrodes for supercapacitor applications.
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Springer Science+Business
Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
1 Introduction Energy, which is defined as ability to do work, is as old as human history. Energy needs have recently seen a rapid increase with the development of modern technology. Non-renewable and renewable energy sources are the main classes of energy [1].
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-04629-4
Governments and organizations aim to increase the ratio of renewable energy because fossil fuels, which are the main non-renewable sources, have high carbon emission and have harmful effects on the atmosphere, namely global warming and climate change [2]. The amount of fossil fuels (oil and gas) available will decrease significantly in about 35 years’ time [3]. By contrast, renewable energy sources are generally
J Mater Sci: Mater Electron
environmentally friendly and effectively unlimited. Therefore, the efficiency of production of energy from renewable sources needs to be significantly increased. One of the main problems with the energy obtained from renewable sources is its storage, as energy has to be stored for portable devices and electrical vehicles, for instance, research into batteries, supercapacitors, and fuels cells have proved hi
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