Fabrication of hole-conductor-free perovskite solar cells based on Al doped ZnO and low-cost carbon electrode
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Fabrication of hole-conductor-free perovskite solar cells based on Al doped ZnO and low-cost carbon electrode Marzieh Shirazi1 · Mohammad Reza Toroghinejad1 · Reza Sabet Dariani2 · Mohammad Taghi Hosseinnejad3 Received: 5 February 2018 / Accepted: 4 April 2018 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018
Abstract Hole-conductor-free perovskite solar cells were fabricated with Al-doped ZnO (AZO) nanostructure as electron transport layer and low-cost commerical carbon paste as counter electrode. In this method perovskite infiltrated into the AZO nanostructure through the carbon electrode which was prepared using doctor blade method. Also because the carbon annealed before deposition of perovskite, perovskite didn’t decompose. The photovoltaic performance of hole-conductor-free perovskite solar cell based on carbon electrode compared with the fabricated cell by Au electrode. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, current–voltage analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis were carried out to study the effect of counter electrode on the cell performance. The fabricated cell by low cost carbon paste demonstrated higher short circuit current density (Jsc) and power conversion efficiency (8.23%) in compare with fabricated cell by Au electrode (5.45%). Also, the lowest series resistance and highest recombination resistance observed in perovskite solar cell based on Al doped ZnO and carbon electrode.
1 Introduction Methyl ammonium lead halide (CH3NH3PbX3; X = I, Br, Cl) perovskite solar cell was first demonstrated as efficient solar cell in 2009 [1]. Owing to the long electron–hole diffusion length [2, 3], high charge carrier mobility [4] and large absorption coefficient (1.5 × 104 cm−1 at 550 nm) [5], the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the perovskite solar cells increased quickly [6–8], i.e., from PCE of 3.8% in 2009 [1] to 22.1% at present [9]. The main challenge in commercialization of solar energy is the improvement of efficiency and the reduction of fabrication cost. The use of expensive materials such as Ag, Au and spiro-MeOTAD, relatively slow electron transport between the perovskite and TiO2, requiring a high-temperature processing for depositing of n-type TiO2 layer and short-term stability are several disadvantages in commercialization of * Marzieh Shirazi [email protected] 1
Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Esfahān 84156‑83111, Iran
2
Department of Physics, Alzahra University, Tehran 1993893973, Iran
3
Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
perovskite solar cells [10, 11]. Therefore, using earth-abundant and low-cost materials is appropriate to the decreasing of production cost of perovskite solar cells. For simplifying the cell structure, Etgar et al. [12] removed the hole-conductor for the first time. They reported efficiency of 5% for hole-conductor-free perovskite solar cells based on T iO2 nanostru
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