Factor Structure of the Revised Indecisiveness Scale and Association with Risks for and Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression,
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Factor Structure of the Revised Indecisiveness Scale and Association with Risks for and Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Attentional Control Sean A. Lauderdale1 · Kobi Oakes1 Accepted: 20 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Indecisiveness is trait-like difficulty making decisions across time and situations. Past investigations indicate that indecisiveness is associated with Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder as well as with neuroticism, Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU), and avoidance. The most used measure of indecisive is Frost and Shows’ (Behav Res Therapy, 1993. http://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(93)90121-a) Indecisiveness Scale (IS), which has been revised to remove situation-specific indecision items. Research evaluating the original and revised IS (RIS) has found diverse factors, ranging from one to three, and scale content, reflecting positive attitudes towards decision-making, fears about decision-making consequences, and decisional avoidance. Given this variability across investigations, we performed exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses using the revised IS to evaluate competing factor models. Our analyses supported a two-factor model with Aversive Indecisiveness (RIS-AI) and Positive Attitudes Towards Decision-Making (RIS-Positive) best fitting the data for 511 participants. We also found that RIS-AI was a unique predictor of anxious arousal, IU, and multiple forms of avoidance over RIS-Positive. RIS-AI was also a stronger positive predictor of worry, general emotional distress, and self-appraised difficulty with attentional focus than RIS-Positive. In contrast, RIS-Positive uniquely and negatively predicted self-appraised attentional shifting difficulty over RIS-AI. RIS-Positive was also a stronger negative predictor of anhedonic depression than RIS-AI. Our results indicate that assessment of indecisiveness should use the RIS-AI and RIS-Positive scales. RIS-AI clearly fits within the nomological network of anxiety. Our findings provide preliminary evidence that RIS-Positive would fit within the nomological network for decisional self-efficacy. Keywords Indecisiveness · Aversive indecisiveness · Anxiety · Worry · Depression · Avoidance · Attentional control · Intolerance of uncertainty * Sean A. Lauderdale [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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S. A. Lauderdale, K. Oakes
Introduction Indecisiveness is trait-like difficulty (Germeijs et al. 2006) making decisions emerging across time and situations that is distinguished from situation-specific indecision (Germeijs and De Boeck 2002; Rassin 2007).Indecisiveness is a prominent cognitive process associated with numerous disorders including Major Depressive Disorder (American Psychiatric Association 1980), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (Koerner et al. 2016), Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder (Riddle et al. 2016), and Hoarding Disorder (Frost et
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