Factors inducing bryophyte growth on prehistoric pigments and effect of UV-C treatment
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Factors inducing bryophyte growth on prehistoric pigments and effect of UV-C treatment Stéphane Pfendler 1 & Olympe Einhorn 2 & Laurence Alaoui-Sossé 2 & Faisl Bousta 3 & Badr Alaoui-Sossé 2 & Lotfi Aleya 2 Received: 23 March 2020 / Accepted: 30 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In La Glacière cave (France), the touristic activity has been conducted to an environmental parameter change that has led to photosynthetic organism proliferation (microalgae, diatoms, cyanobacteria, bryophytes). The present study is focused on bryophyte development occurring in the show cave that was responsible of limestone biodeterioration. In order to understand the colonization process of limestone, we have maintained limestone blocks under optimal Lampenflora growth conditions. Moreover, some limestone blocks were painted with several pigments that were used in the prehistory (e.g., red ocher, bone char). Microorganisms and bryophyte growth were monitored during 1 year, and then, the block samples were treated using UVC light (254 nm). Thus, obtained results were compared with in situ treatment in La Glacière cave. Results have showed dense bryophyte propagation on the several blocks. However, the growth rate was correlated with the chemical composition of the pigment. In fact, the presence of some chemical elements such as As, Cr, Ti, and Co contributed to reduce bryophyte growth. Finally, moss treatment using UV-C light has demonstrated high efficiency under in situ condition, while a fast recolonization has been observed for samples maintained in laboratory. This difference was explained by the high bryophyte density under laboratory conditions that make UV-C light penetration difficult. Keywords Bryophyte . UV-C irradiation . Cave . Conservation . Mineral pigment
Introduction Show caves are natural cavities whose environmental parameters have been modified with the arrival of touristic activities (Faimon et al. 2006). In addition to artificial lighting, an increase of temperature and a change of dioxygen have been reported by several authors (Baker and Genty 1998; Dragovich and Grose 1990). These changes have led to the development of the so called “Lampenflora”, which first was Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues * Stéphane Pfendler [email protected] 1
University of Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, CNRS, EVS-ISTHME UMR 5600, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
2
Laboratoire Chrono-Environnement – UMR 6249, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 16, route de Gray, 25 000 Besançon, France
3
Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments Historiques, USR 3224, Champs-Sur-Marne, France
reported in 1923 by Kyrle (Cigna 2011). “Lampenflora” design phototrophic organisms that develop in presence of artificial lighting. Recent researches using high throughput sequencing have revealed that this flora include a large variety of microalgae, cyanobacteria, diatoms, bryophytes, and fungi (Pfendler et al. 2018a). Before caves were lightened, phototrophic organisms were only able
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